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In World War One a new style of fighting became popular: trench warfare. From ditches dug into the ground soldiers would live and try to attack the other side though once a trench was dug, territory was rarely gained or lost. Trenches were some of the only places to hide from heavy artillery attacks and machine guns. Life in the trenches was poor and dirty: men often faced issues such as large infestations of lice and rats and ailments such as "trench foot" which was the gradual decay of the foot from being wet for too long as many of the trenches were also wet or flooded. Such were the conditions on the front lines of the war. Below, men sit in muddy trench.

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Trenches in WWI:
https://www.thoughtco.com/trenches-in-world-war-i-1779981

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As women were barred from enlisting and so many men were away fighting, jobs were open on the home-front that women had to fill. World War I gave rise to an increase in women's rights in this way as they entered the workforce and became independent. Most women worked in munitions factories in poor or dangerous conditions producing materials necessary for the war. Some of them were gradually poisoned by the harmful chemicals they worked with while lacking proper protection. Below, working women stand next to loaded shells.

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It is estimated that more than 4,000 Indigenous people fought for Canada in the First World War. Though facing discrimination at home, in time they became valued soldiers on the battlefield often filling the positions of snipers or scouts. The image below depicts Francis Pegahmagabow: the most decorated First Nations soldier in Canadian history, he was credited with killing over 378 Germans as a sniper. Upon returning home, most Aboriginal veterans still experienced racism and few of the same privileges as white veterans.

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Aboriginal Veterans:
http://av.canadiana.ca/en/veteran/3377
Aboriginal Contributions During the First World War:
https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1414152378639/1414152548341

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Women Striking in the First World War:
https://www.striking-women.org/module/women-and-work/world-war-i-1914-1918
Women Reveal the Dangers of Working in Munitions Factories:
https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/9-women-reveal-the-dangers-of-working-in-a-first-world-war-munitions-factory

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New technologies in First World War lead to the use of more lethal weapons, one of which had never been used before: chemical warfare. The Germans were the first to release chlorine gas on Allied soldiers in 1915. Unprepared, many breathed in the gas causing tremendous damage to their lungs: high enough exposure to the gas caused death by asphyxiation. The deadlier phosgene gas was later developed and mustard gas which could cause temporary blindness. Once developed, soldiers wore gas masks in combat to protect themselves. Below, soldiers are in the trenches wearing gas masks.

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The Battle of Somme was the bloodiest battle of WWI; lasting from July 1 to November 18, 1916, it resulted in more than one million casualties and more than 300,000 deaths. The British alone lost more than 57,000 soldiers on the first day. Becoming a battle of attrition, the four months the battle lasted consisted of each side trying to destroy enemy lines with heavy artillery and mostly failed attempts to cross "no-man's land" or the area between trenches and rush the enemy side. Though the British were eventually victorious, the death count was too great for any side to feel it was a win. Depicted below, brave soldiers rush over the top of trenches going to meet their death in no-man's land.

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Facts about the Battle of Somme:
https://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-battle-of-the-somme

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Vimy Ridge
https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/why-its-important-to-reflect-on-vimy-ridge/article1325955/

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One of the most significant Canadian victories in the war was the Battle of Vimy Ridge. On April 9-12, 1917, Canadians attacked the ridge in northern France and captured it from the German army. The win was a large territorial advance for the Allies. Though short, the battle was still costly resulting in nearly 4,000 Canadian deaths and an estimated 20,000 German casualties. The Battle is significant because it was the first time Canadians fought as a distinct national army with all four divisions. Below: a picture of the deadly battlefield at Vimy Ride

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Chemical Warfare:

https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/battles-and-fighting/weapons-on-land/poison-gas/