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Fought for women's equality in the 1700s. She published an essay called "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" in 1792. In it she did not agree with Rousseau's idea that the education of women should be second to that of men and argued that women need education like men to become successful. She also urged other women to join male dominant fields such as medicine and politics. Today Mary's actions influenced the development of women's rights groups in Europe and North Africa.

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The social critics of the Enlightenment period in France were known as philosophes. They believed that they could apply reason to all aspects of life (like Newton applied reason to science). They had five core beliefs that follow as reason: truth could be discovered using logic, nature: what was natural was good, happiness: rejected medieval thought of waiting until afterlife for happiness and stressed enjoying life on Earth, progress: the stress that society and humankind could improve, liberty: called for the liberties that the English had won in their Bill of Rights.

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A philosopher who was committed to individual freedom winning recognition as a writer of essays. He was brilliant, but also very controversial, considering he disagree with many Enlightenment thinkers on most matters. Rousseau argued that civilization corrupted people's natural goodness. He also felt that the only good government was a freely formed government where society had a large say- a direct democracy. He described the idea that people agreed to give up some of their freedom for the common good in 1762 in a book called "The Social Contract".

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An influential French writer who was devoted to political liberty. He supported separation of powers that was used in Britan, he oversimplified the British system in his book "On the Spirit of Laws" (1748). He proposed the idea that separation of powers would prevent anybody from gaining total control, later influencing the idea of checks and balances.

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A very influential and important philosopher named François Marie Arouet, going by the pen name Voltaire. He published more than 70 books of political essays, philosophy, and drama. He often used satire. Voltaire fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech.

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The Enlightenment was a new intellectual movement that stressed reason, thought, and the power of individuals to solve problems. It is also known as the Age of Reason that met its peak in the mid 1700s. It was started by ideas put fourth from Thomas Hobbes and John Locke.

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John Locke was a philosopher who created an essay concerning human understanding in 1690. This stated the blank slate theory, which was the idea that all humans are born with the same ability, going against the divine rights theory. Locke also believed that the rights of humans went as followed; life, liberty, and possession. John Locke held a more positive view of humanity, he also felt self government was the best idea due to the fact that all humans had the ability to govern themselves. He also wrote the Two Treatises on government in 1689.

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Created by Thomas Hobbes, an agreement between people and the government. It stated that people would give up some of their liberty in return for protection and order in society. This was to prevent humans from going back to their roots as seen by Hobbes of being selfish and wicked.

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Thomas Hobbes expressed his ideas in a work called "Leviathan" in 1651. He was convinced that all humans were naturally selfish and wicked. Hobbes felt without government war would be inevitable. Thomas also felt that in order to reach order, people must give up their rights to a strong ruler. This agreement between people to create a government was called the social contract (agreement between people and government). It was basically a theory that stated an agreement between people of a society to abide by laws and accept punishment. He felt that without government and order, or in the state of nature, the world was doomed. In order for a ruler to control Hobbes felt the ruler needed absolute power

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Newton's statement that any particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force which is proportional  to the product of their masses. Newton's inspiration is said to have been from the dropping of an apple from a tree. His idea on the inverse-square property of gravitational force was from his knowledge about the motion of Earth and the moon.

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After Tycho Brahe's death in 1601 his assistant, Johannes Kepler, a great mathematician continued his work. Kepler concluded that there are certain mathematical laws that govern planetary motion. One of his laws showed that the planets moved around the Sun in elliptical movements instead of the previously thought idea of circular movements. His ideas helped proved Copernicus' true, that mathematically planets revolve around the Sun.

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Ptolemy was an Egyptian astronomer, and mathematician. He came up with the mathematical model of the universe that suggested the irregular paths of the Sun, Moon, and planets were combination of cycles. The model was Geocentric.

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In the early 1500s Copernicus became intrigued in the old Greek idea that the Sun was at the center of the universe. He studied planetary movements for 25 years and concluded that the stars, and Earth revolved around the Sun. Coming up with the Heliocentric Theory. Fearing persecution, knowing that his ideas were different than most scholars and the Church he did not publish his ideas until 1543, the last year of his life. In his book "On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Bodies". Copernicus' ideas did raise issues for a little while, but overall they laid foundation for further investigation of a Heliocentric universe.

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The Scientific method comes from the revolution in scientific thinking that people such as Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo started. The Scientific method is a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas. In the 1600s both Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes helped develop the method. It is made up of multiple parts to solve a problem including: Make an observation, ask a question, form a hypothesis, or testable explanation, make a prediction based on the hypothesis, test the prediction, use the results to make new hypotheses or predictions. It is more of a cycle than a straight line.

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Isaac Newton was a great English scientist who helped to bring together the accomplishments of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo through his theory of motion. His laws of gravity explained how the same physical laws governed motion both on Earth and heavens. In 1687 he published his ideas in the book "The Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy" describing the ways in which all of the universe's parts could be expressed mathematically.

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An Italian scientist who built his own telescope in 1609 to study the sky and far off objects. In 1610 he published a book called "Starry Messenger" which spoke about his discoveries including that Jupiter had four moons and the Sun had dark spots, along with the fact that Earth had a rough surface (shattering Aristotle's theory that the moon and stars were made up of pure substances. His observations and laws of motions supported Copernicus'. In 1632 he published "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems" which supported Ptolemy and Copernicus (after being warned to not support Copernicus by the church. He was later ordered to house arrest for the rest of his life.

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The theory that states the Sun is the center of the universe. Aristarchus of Samos was the first to recognize that he earth rotates on its axis and revolves around the sun. Then later, in 1543 Copernicus posted his ideas of the Sun centered universe in “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres” which explained the Sun is at the center and all other planets rotate it. Although Clergy and most scholars rejected this idea due to the fact it was contradictory to their religious beliefs.

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A period of time where a new form of thinking about the natural world was brought about. The Scientific Revolution was based upon observation and willingness to question accepted beliefs. During this time science research was fueled patricianly in astronomy and mathematics and many new advancements were made.

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The Geocentric Theory is the theory that the earth is at the center of the universe. This idea came from Aristotle of the fourth century BC, later built upon by Ptolemy of the second century AD. Christianity also supported this idea that the Earth was at the center of the universe. Eudoxus, one of Plato's pupils created a model where all objects in the sky sit on moving spheres, with Earth at the center. This is known as the Geocentric model, often called the Ptolemaic model after its most famous Greco-Roman supporter Ptolemy.