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Who were the Anglo-Saxons? - BBC Bitesize

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Where did the Anglo-Saxons come from? Learn about Anglo-Saxons settlements, daily life and jobs in this BBC Bitesize year 5/6 primary history guide.

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Tudor girl working on a farm.

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Tudor jobs

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This clip contains Tudor reconstructions of chafing wheat in a barn and Tudor children at work, collecting grain, feeding sheep and working indoors. A typical job for children was separating wheat from chaff. Straw was also used as a base for a mattress.

This clip could be used to explore the stages of bread making - from harvest to eating. It is probably best to use it as a way to discuss child labour on the farm, using a hand flail and winnowing pan to separate the wheat from the chaff. Pupils could explore the different uses of grain, chaff and straw on the Tudor farm. They might also compare work done by Tudor children to what is expected of them at home and try to reach a judgement as to who has the better life.

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Children's jobs in Tudor times (drama) - KS2 History - BBC Bitesize

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This clip contains Tudor reconstructions of chafing wheat in a barn and Tudor children at work, collecting grain, feeding sheep and working indoors. A typical job for children was separating wheat from chaff. Straw was also used as a base for a mattress.

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Ordinary Tudor women breast fed but upper class women gave their baby to a wet nurse to be fed. Babies were swaddled until they were 8 or 9 months (sometimes longer) and most of the time they were laid in a wooden cradle and allowed to sleep.

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RICH AND POOR TUDORS

By Tim Lambert

Rich Tudors

In the Middle Ages rich people's houses were designed for defense rather than comfort. In the 16th century life was safer so houses no longer had to be easy to defend. Rich Tudors built grand houses e.g. Cardinal Wolsey built Hampton Court Palace. Later the Countess of Shrewsbury built Hardwick Hall in Derbyshire. Chairs were more common than in the Middle Ages but they were still expensive. Even in an upper class home children and servants sat on stools. Chimneys were also a luxury in Tudor times, although they became more common.

In wealthy Tudor houses the walls of rooms were lined with oak paneling to keep out drafts. People slept in four-poster beds hung with curtains to reduce drafts. In the 16th century some people had wallpaper but it was very expensive. Other wealthy people hung tapestries or painted cloths on their walls. In Tudor England carpets were a luxury only rich people could afford. Usually they were too expensive to put on the floor! Instead they were hung on the wall or over tables. People covered the floors with rushes, reeds or straw, which they strew with sweet smelling herbs. In the 16th century rich people lit their homes with beeswax candles. However they were expensive. Wealthy Tudors had clocks in their homes. The very rich had pocket watches although most people relied on pocket sundials. Rich Tudors were also fond of gardens. Many had mazes, fountains and topiary (hedges cut into shapes).

The rich ate vast amounts of meat. However they rarely ate vegetables. The Tudors were also fond of sweet foods. However in the 16th century sugar was very expensive. In the 16th century new foods were introduced from the Americas. Turkeys were introduced into England about 1525. Potatoes were brought to England in the 1580s but at first few English people ate them. Tomatoes came to England from Mexico and apricots were introduced from Portugal. Rich people liked to show off their gold and silver plate. The middle classes would have dishes and bowls made of pewter. There were no forks in Tudor times. People ate with knives and their fingers or with spoons. Wealthy people had silver or pewter spoons.

From the mid-16th century some rich people rode in carriages. They must have been very uncomfortable because they did not have springs and roads were very bumpy. In Tudor times you would be lucky if you could travel 50 or 60 kilometers a day. It normally took a week to travel from London to Plymouth. However rich people deliberately traveled slowly. They felt it was undignified to hurry and they took their time.

Although the days of armored knights were over rich Tudors still enjoyed tournaments. The contestants dressed in armor and rode horses. They fought with wooden lances and swords. The rich also enjoyed hunting. They went hunting deer with bows and arrows. After it was killed the deer was eaten. The rich also went hawking. Falcons were trained to kill other birds. However in Tudor times rich people did not hunt foxes.

The Tudors also liked wrestling and 'casting the bar', which was like shot-putting but with an iron bar. They also played billiards (but not snooker, which is a 19th century game). The rich also played board games like chess and backgammon (a backgammon set was found on the wreck of the Mary Rose. It is the same as a modern one). They also tennis with a leather ball stuffed with hair. They also played bowls and skittles. Playing cards were also popular. Music and dancing were also very popular. The printing press made books much cheaper so reading was a popular pastime for the wealthy.

For rich Tudors fashion was important. For the poor clothes had to be tough and practical. Only the rich could afford cotton and silk. Rich Tudors also embroidered their clothes with silk, gold or silver thread. Rich Tudor women wore silk stockings.

Poor Tudors

Homes for poor people in Tudor Times were very uncomfortable. They lived in simple huts with one or two rooms (occasionally three). Smoke escaped through a hole in the thatched roof. Floors were of hard earth and furniture was very basic, benches, stools, a table and wooden chests. The poor slept on mattresses stuffed with straw or thistledown. The mattresses lay on ropes strung across a wooden frame.

Poor Tudors lived on a dreary diet. In the morning they had bread and cheese and onions. They only had one cooked meal a day. They mixed grain with water and added vegetables and (if they could afford it) strips of meat. In Tudor Times everybody ate bread but poor people ate coarse bread of barley or rye.

Everybody wore wool. However rich Tudors wore fine quality wool. The poor wore coarse, scratchy wool. Linen was used to make shirts and underwear. Many workingmen wore a loose tunic. It was easier to work in. Some workingmen wore a leather jerkin called a buff-jerkin. Men also wore stockings or woolen socks, which were called hose.

Tudor women wore a kind of petticoat called a smock or shift or chemise made of linen or wool and a wool dress over it. A woman's dress was made of two parts, a bodice or corset like garment and a skirt. Sleeves were held on with laces and could be detached. Working women wore a linen apron.

In the late 16th century many women wore a frame made of whale bone or wood under their dress called a farthingale. If they could not afford a farthingale women wore a padded roll around their waist called a bum roll. In the 16th century women did not wear knickers. However men sometimes wore linen shorts.

In Tudor times everyone wore hats. Poor women often wore a linen cap called a coif. After 1572 by law all men except nobles had to wear a woolen cap on Sundays. This law was passed to give the wool cap makers plenty of work! The Tudors used mostly vegetable dyes such as madder for red, woad for blue or walnut for brown. Poor people often wore brown, yellow or blue.
Tudor Education Tudor Homes Tudor Clothes Tudor Children

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RICH AND POOR TUDORS By Tim Lambert Rich Tudors In the Middle Ages rich people's houses were designed for defense rather than comfort. In the 16th century life was safer so houses no longer had to be easy to defend. Rich Tudors built grand houses e.g. Cardinal Wolsey built Hampton Court Palace.

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Victorian child working as a chimney sweep.

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Poor Victorian children making match boxes.

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Wealthy Victorian Children.

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Interesting Facts About Victorian Child Labor

Victorian Child Labor was the norm in the 1800's. There was no such thing as Child Protective services like we have today.

There were laws that were passed over a period of several decades that slightly improved the working conditions and treatment of children. But change in this area was slow, as children were seen as a cheap, necessary resource in the wheels of production. It wasn't until people like Lord Shaftesbury and Thomas Agnew took action that true change took place.

What Jobs Did Victorian Children Perform?

Victorian Child Labor was prevalent in the Victorian Era. Here is a list of several types of jobs that children did.

As you can see Victorian Child Labor covered a broad spectrum of occupations. To cover all of them in this article would be a monumental task to be sure. However, we will look into some of the more prevalent jobs that children did in Victorian times.

Coal Mines - Victorian Child Labor

Steam was the number one source of energy during Victorian times. Steam powered everything from trains and steamships to factories that used steam to power their machines. In order to make steam you must have water and heat. To provide heat they had to burn coal, and lots of it. Therefore coal mines used a large part of the Victorian Child Labor force in the 1800's.

The thought of using children for working the coal mines was very attractive to mining companies. Children were much smaller, enabling them to maneuver in tight spaces and they demanded a lot less pay.

Working Conditions in the Mines

One of the on the job aspects of Victorian Child Labor was the dreadful working conditions. This was particularly magnified in the coal mines. It was dark in the mines making it hard to see and at times would cause permanent problems with sight from the constant strain on the eyes.

Due to a lack of proper ventilation, coal dust was very thick in the air. Considering that Victorian Children would work from 12 to 18 hours a day it is easy to see how respiratory problems could arise. There was constant noise, and rat infestation was very common in the mines.

Some children developed permanent spine deformation from having to walk stooped over constantly. Explosions or cave-ins were an ever-present fear.

Due to the lack of safety awareness in the mines and all of Victorian child labor for that matter, Death was a constant and ever-present danger. The Durham Mining Museum website has several lists of mine disasters with names and ages of the casualties. You can view them yourself by Clicking Here.

Here is a list of laws and safety measures made in the 1800's. This list was copied directly from The National Archives website.

1781 James Watt's rotary steam engine invented, this could be used to lower miners down a shaft or to pump water out of a mine.

1794 James Buddle's exhaust pump was invented. This could draw stale air out of a mine.

1815 Sir Humphrey Davy invented the miners' safety lamp.

1833 Factory Act, this banned children from working in textile factories under the age of nine. From nine to thirteen they were limited to nine hours a day and 48 hours a week.

1836 Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages, this enabled factory inspectors to check the ages of children working in factories (only applicable in England and Wales).

1842 Publication of the 'First Report of the Children's Employment Commissioners: Mines and Collieries', which had been prepared by Lord Ashley (later Lord Shaftesbury).

1842 Mines Act, this banned the employment underground of boys under the age of ten and all women and girls. No one under the age of fifteen was to be in charge of machinery.

1844 Factory Act, this classed women as young persons under the age of eighteen and limited the hours of both groups to twelve on weekdays and nine on Saturdays.

1847 The Ten Hour Act, this cut the hours of women and the under-eighteens to ten a day and 58 a week.

1850 The Ten Hour Act, this set the working day for all workers at ten and a half hours. 1867 Factory Act, the legislation was extended to all workshops with more than 50 workers.

Here are four articles taken from the National Archives. It gives you a rare look into what Victorian Child Labor was really like in the mines.

Chimney Sweeps - Victorian Child Labor

The life of a chimney sweep in Victorian times was nothing like what you see in Mary Poppins. It was a brutal, dreary existence for Victorian child chimney sweeps. Some were as young as 3 years old. Their tiny size made them a popular choice for going down the narrow chimney stacks.

A Victorian Child Chimney Sweep may have been the most dangerous job for children in the 1800's, especially when the child first started doing the job. Being sent down the chimney the first several times would cause the child's arms, elbows, legs and knees to be rubbed and scraped raw. At times their knees and elbows looked like there was no skin at all on them. The boss would then wash their wounds with salt water and send them down another chimney without sympathy.

After a time the child would develop calluses making their task a little more bearable. But the dangers of the job were only beginning. Falling was a major fear for chimney sweeps or getting stuck in the stacks also, both could cause death very easily. The constant breathing in of soot caused irreversible lung damage in many children. There were a few reported cases of children getting stuck in chimneys and no one even knowing it, leaving them to die alone from exposure or smoke inhalation or worse. I will leave it to your imagination about how terrifying that must have been. The lifespan of Victorian Chimney sweeps rarely made it to middle age.

Interesting facts about Victorian Child Chimney Sweeps

Orphans were sometimes taken and put into (for lack of a better word) slavery, and then put back on the street when they grew too big for the chimneys.

Bosses underfed children so that they would be thin enough to continue going down chimneys.

Sometimes bosses even kidnapped children to use on the job.

Children usually outgrew the job around 9 or 10 years of age.

Children were not even necessary. Sweeping Chimneys could be done more safely and just as well by using brushes.

Victorian Child Labor Laws Against the use of Child Chimney Sweeps
Chimney Sweepers Act of 1788
In 1788 a law against the use of young children under the age of eight as chimney sweeps was enacted. Furthermore, the master sweep had to offer proper clothing as well as decent living conditions and had to allow the children to go to church on Sundays. Before this act children as young as 4 years old were being used as Victorian child labor.
The Chimney Sweepers and Chimneys Regulation Act of 1840
Children as young as six were still being use to sweep chimneys. Under this act it was not legal to make someone or even allow person under the age of 21 to climb up or into a chimney for the purpose of cleaning it.
Chimney Sweepers Act of 1875
In 1875, a 12-year-old boy name George Brewster died in an accident after his Master Sweep made him climb the chimney at Fulbourn Hospital to clean it. A man called Lord Shaftesbury was obviously touched by the story and the spattering of public outcry that followed. He proposed a new Act that would superseded the Chimney Sweepers and Chimneys Regulation Act of 1840.

The Chimney Sweepers Act 1875 made sure that all chimney sweeps had to be registered with the police. Then their work had to be officially supervised. The guidelines of the previous acts would be enforced as well.

Factories and Textile Mills - Victorian Child Labor

Victorian Child Labor was nothing new for Britain or all of Europe for that matter. Children had been used for labor for centuries. It was expected of them to help support their families. During the 1800's awareness began to grow toward the ills of child labor in factories and elsewhere. Laws were passed and then amendments to those laws were passed until the use of children under the age of 16 years of age was prohibited for full-time work.

But up until these laws were passed child labor in Victorian times was rampant. Factory and mill owners saw children as cheap effective labor. They worked for a mere fraction of what an adult earned. And girls were even cheaper. Because of their size and youthful energy there were jobs that children performed as good or even better than adults. Sometimes you would find more children than adults working at a factory.

At the factories children had no rights. The dirtiest jobs were given to the children. Many times a child would be told to clean under machines even while they were running. There were little or no safety measures put in place in Victorian times so the occurrence of an injury and even death was not uncommon. Victorian child labor consisted of very long working hours. The normal work week would be Monday thru Saturday from 6 A.M. to 8 P.M. Children would be beaten or fined for falling asleep, making a mistake or being late.

The Society for the prevention of cruelty to animals was created in 1824. Which was 67 years before the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, which was created in 1891.

The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (SPCC) - Thomas Agnew

In 1881 Thomas Agnew, a Liverpool businessman visited the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. He was so impressed by what he saw that he went back to England and started the Liverpool Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. This set the ball rolling and the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) was created in 1891.

Published by Paxton Price on: Mar 2, 2013

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Victorian Child Labor and the Conditions They Worked In

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Victorian Child Labor was the norm in the 1800's. There was no such thing as Child Protective services. Find out what jobs children did!

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What was it like for children living in Victorian Britain?

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If you were a child from a poor family at the beginning of the Victorian times, you worked and worked and worked ....…

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Children & Cotton - Learning Zone for Social Studies & Citizenship

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The National Archives Learning Curve | Victorian Britain | Industrial Nation | Source 4