# data[].attributes.body
Susan B Anthony. BrE. Susan Brownell Anthony (1820-1906) a US teacher who was a leader of the campaign for women's right to vote. In 1869, she and Elizabeth Cady Stanton established the National Woman Suffrage Association.

# data[].attributes.body
The National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) was formed on May 15, 1869 in New York City The National Association was created in response to a split in the American Equal Rights Association over whether the woman's movement should support the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

# data[].attributes.body
The Platt Amendment. The Platt Amendment was an attachment to a military appropriations bill in 1901 and reflected growing U.S. concern over the stability of Cuba following its independence from Spain after the Spanish-American War. The Platt Amendment stipulated the conditions for U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs and permitted the United States to lease or buy lands for the purpose of the establishing naval bases (the main one was Guantánamo Bay) and coaling stations in Cuba.

# data[].attributes.body
The Hawaiian and Samoan Islands attracted Americans primarily as stepping stones to the valuable trade of the Far East and as strategic locations for South Pacific naval bases. American residents in Hawaii instigated a revolution and the creation of a republican government in 1893, but the United States resisted annexation of the islands until 1898. After first acquiring a naval station in Samoa in 1878, the United States divided the island chain with Germany in 1899.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1900, in what became known as the Boxer Rebellion (or the Boxer Uprising), a Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there. The direct consequence of the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 was that the ruling Chinese Qing dynasty became even weaker and foreign influence in China continued. The Boxer Rebellion was a rebellion staged by an anti-foreigner Chinese society known for their "boxing" skills in physical exercise and defense.

# data[].attributes.body
The Open Door Policy is a term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the United States policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century that would allow for a system of trade in China open to all countries equally.

# data[].attributes.body
"Yellow journalism" cartoon about Spanish–American War of 1898. The newspaper publishers Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst are both attired as the Yellow Kid comics character of the time, and are competitively claiming ownership of the war. Yellow journalism and the yellow press are American terms for journalism and associated newspapers that present little or no legitimate well-researched news while instead using eye-catching headlines for increased sales. Techniques may include exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering, or sensationalism.

# data[].attributes.body
Joseph Pulitzer. Joseph Pulitzer, (born April 10, 1847, Makó, Hung.—died Oct. 29, 1911, Charleston, S.C., U.S.), American newspaper editor and publisher who helped establish the pattern of the modern newspaper. In his time he was one of the most powerful journalists in the United States. He was committed to raising the standards of the journalism profession. Pulitzerwas the founder of the Pulitzer Prize, the most prestigious award in American journalism.
William Randolph Hearst is best known for publishing the largest chain of American newspapers in the late 19th century, and particularly for sensational "yellow journalism." Publishing magnate William Randolph Hearst (1863-1951) built his media empire after inheriting the San Francisco Examiner from his father. He challenged New York World publisher Joseph Pulitzer by buying the rival New York Journal, earning attention for his “yellow journalism.”

# data[].attributes.body
On February 15, 1898 the U.S.S. Maine sank. Nearly, three quarters of the crew died as a result of the explosion. Although the cause of the sinking has not been discovered, the US blamed the Spanish. The sinking of the Maine, which had been in Havana since February 15, 1898, on an official observation visit, was a climax in pre-war tension between the United States and Spain. In the American press, headlines proclaimed "Spanish Treachery!" and "Destruction of the War Ship Maine Was the Work of an Enemy!"

# data[].attributes.body
Letter from Spanish minister de Lome to someone in Cuba, which was intercepted and published in the New York Journal. ... (1898) boat that exploded and sand in Cuba, killing many Americans. Americans believed it was the Spaniards doing, and pressed for war, revealing US anti-Spanish feelings.

# data[].attributes.body
On April 25, 1898 the United States declared war on Spain following the sinking of the Battleship Maine in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. By the Treaty of Paris (signed Dec. 10, 1898), Spain renounced all claim to Cuba, ceded Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States, and transferred sovereignty over the Philippines to the United States for $20 million. The Spanish-American War was an important turning point in the history of both antagonists

# data[].attributes.body
Queen Liliuokalani (1838-1917) was the last sovereign of the Kamehameha dynasty, which had ruled a unified Hawaiian kingdom since 1810. When Liliuokalani acted to restore these powers, a U.S. military-backed coup deposed her in 1893 and formed a provisional government; Hawaii was declared a republic in 1894.

# data[].attributes.headline
Alfred Thayer Mahan/The Importance of Sea Power Upon History

# data[].attributes.subject
Alfred Thayer Mahan/The Importance of Sea Power Upon History

# data[].attributes.body
While Alfred Thayer Mahan's 40 years of service in the U.S. Navy is impressive on its own, his most significant impact on history comes from his theories on naval power, especially those explained in his first two books: The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 and The Influence of Sea Power upon the French. Sea power. Mahan believed that national greatness was inextricably associated with the sea, with its commercial use in peace and its control in war; and he used history as a stock of examples to exemplify his theories, arguing that the education of naval officers should be based on a rigorous study of history.

# data[].attributes.body
William Jennings Bryan (March 19, 1860 – July 26, 1925) was an American orator and politician from Nebraska. Beginning in 1896, he emerged as a dominant force in the Democratic Party, standing three times as the party's nominee for President of the United States. The Cross of Gold speech was delivered by William Jennings Bryan, a former United States Representative from Nebraska, at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago on July 9, 1896. In the address, Bryan supported bimetallism or "free silver", which he believed would bring the nation prosperity.

# data[].attributes.body
William McKinley served in the U.S. Congress and as governor of Ohio before running for the presidency in 1896. In 1898, McKinley led the nation into war with Spain over the issue of Cuban independence; the brief and decisive conflict ended with the U.S. in possession of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam.

# data[].attributes.body
The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act is a United States federal law enacted in 1883 that mandated that positions within the federal government should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation. The Pendleton Act is important because it stopped the appointment of people to governmental offices merely because of their political affiliation or their connection to the president. The Pendleton Act required qualified people to be elected to governmental offices based on the individual's merit.

# data[].attributes.body
Nation Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. A group of agrarian organizations that worked to increase the political and economic power of farmers. They opposed corrupt business practices and monopolies, and supported relief for debtors. Oliver Hudson Kelley. The American agriculturalist Oliver Hudson Kelley (1826-1913) founded the Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry and was devoted to improving conditions for farmers. Kelley quickly became a champion of Minnesota and of the farmer, whom he considered the indisputable source of wealth in America.

# data[].attributes.body
Many of the Pullman factory workers joined the American Railway Union (ARU), led by Eugene V. Debs, which supported their strike by launching a boycott in which ARU members refused to run trains containing Pullman cars.  The plan was to force the railroads to bring Pullman to compromise.

# data[].attributes.body
Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote that virtue, honesty and industry would be rewarded with success, wealth and honor.

# data[].attributes.body
Labor leader arrested during the Pullman Strike (1894); a convert to socialism, Debs ran for president five times between 1900 and 1920. In 1920, he campaigned from prison where he was being held for opposition to American involvement in World War I.

# data[].attributes.body
Jane Addams. Settlement house founder and peace activist Jane Addams (1860-1935) was one of the most distinguished of the first generation of college-educated women, rejecting marriage and motherhood in favor of a lifetime commitment to the poor and social reform. Hull House, founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and others, was one of the first settlement houses in the United States. Its initial programs included providing recreational facilities for slum children, fighting for child labor laws, and helping immigrants become U.S. citizens.

# data[].attributes.body
On May 4, 1886, a labor protest rally near Chicago's Haymarket Square turned into a riot after someone threw a bomb at police. At least eight people died as a result of the violence that day. At the same time, the men convicted in connection with the riot were viewed by many in the labor movement as martyrs.

# data[].attributes.body
The American labor leader Samuel Gompers was the most significant person in the history of the American labor movement (the effort of working people to improve their lives by forming organizations called unions). He founded and served as the first president of the American Federation of Labor. He promoted harmony among the different craft unions that comprised the AFL, trying to minimize jurisdictional battles.

# data[].attributes.body
The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was a national federation of labor unions in the United States founded in Columbus, Ohio, in December 1886 by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor, a national labor union. Its president was Samuel Gompers, who served until 1925. The purpose of the AFL was to organize skilled workers into national unions consisting of others in the same trade.

# data[].attributes.body
The Chinese Exclusion Act was an immigration law passed in 1882 that prevented Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States. The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first immigration law that excluded an entire ethnic group. ... These laws were renewed twice and remained in effect until they were repealed in 1943.It was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States. In the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur. This act provided an absolute 10-year moratorium on Chinese labor immigration.

# data[].attributes.body
The Knights of Labor, founded in 1869, was the first major labor organization in the United States. The Knights organized unskilled and skilled workers, campaigned for an eight hour workday, and aspired to form a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked. The goals of the Knights of Labor mirrored the main concerns of workers across the U.S. The union fought for the regulation of working hours and especially championed the eight-hour workday.

# data[].attributes.body
National Labor Union (NLU), in U.S. history, a political-action movement that from 1866 to 1873 sought to improve working conditions through legislative reform rather than through collective bargaining. ... Acting on the belief that owners and workers shared identical interests, the NLU was opposed to strikes.

# data[].attributes.body
A deaf Edison invented the phonograph and by 1900 it was used in over 150,000 homes. His invention made going to the symphony obsolete. He also invented the light bulb. This invention changed the way of life for thousands of Americans.

# data[].attributes.body
John D. Rockefeller's company, formed in 1870, which came to symbolize the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded Age. By 1877 this company controlled 95% of the oil refineries in the US. It was also one of the first multinational corporations, and at times distributed more than half of the company's kerosene production outside the US. By the turn of the century it had become a target for trust-busting reformers, and in 1911 the Supreme Court ordered it to break up into several dozen smaller companies

# data[].attributes.body
The First Transcontinental Railroad was a 1,912-mile continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Omaha, Nebraska/Council Bluffs, Iowa with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay.

# data[].attributes.body
The Exodusters. As Jim Crow segregation became entrenched in the South during Reconstruction, racial violence and the pervasive repression of African Americans created a hostile environment. ... The Exodus of 1879 was the first mass migration of African Americans from the South after the Civil War.

# data[].attributes.body
Plessy v. Ferguson provided a legal justification for racial segregation. It essentially gave the green light to Jim Crow. ... The “separate but equal” doctrine remained the law of the land in many places until it was overturned by the Supreme Court in the 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education.

# data[].attributes.body
Educator Booker T. Washington was one of the foremost African-American leaders of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, founding the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, now known as Tuskegee University.

# data[].attributes.body
Compromise of 1877: The End of Reconstruction. The Compromise of 1876 effectively ended the Reconstruction era. Southern Democrats' promises to protect civil and political rights of blacks were not kept, and the end of federal interference in southern affairs led to widespread disenfranchisement of blacks voters.

# data[].attributes.body
The Crédit Mobilier scandal of 1872-1873 damaged the careers of several Gilded Age politicians. Major stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad formed a company, the Crédit Mobilier of America, and gave it contracts to build the railroad. They sold or gave shares in this construction to influential congressmen.

# data[].attributes.body
William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city.

# data[].attributes.body
The term “carpetbaggers” refers to Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War, during Reconstruction. Many carpetbaggers were said to have moved South for their own financial and political gains. Scalawags were white Southerners who cooperated politically with black freedmen and Northern newcomers.

# data[].attributes.body
The U.S. House of Representatives votes 11 articles of impeachment against President Andrew Johnson, nine of which cite Johnson's removal of Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, a violation of the Tenure of Office Act. The House vote made President Johnson the first president to be impeached in U.S. history.

# data[].attributes.body
With the Radical Republicans fully in control of Congress after the mid-term elections of 1866, they quickly passed the Military Reconstruction Acts of 1867. These acts divided the south into five military districts.

# data[].attributes.body
The Ku Klux Klan was a viciously racist white supremacist organization that first arose in the South after the end of the Civil War. Its members opposed the dismantling of slavery and sought to keep African Americans in a permanent state of subjugation to whites. During Reconstruction, the Klan employed violence and terror in the hopes of overthrowing Republican state governments in the South and maintaining the antebellum racial hierarchy.

# data[].attributes.body
Thirteenth (13th) Amendment Definition: ... The text of the 13th Amendment: "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The 14th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified on July 9, 1868, and granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” which included former slaves recently freed. The 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

# data[].attributes.body
The Freedmen's Bureau, formally known as the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, was established in 1865 by Congress to help millions of former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the Civil War.

# data[].attributes.body
On April 9, 1865, near the town of Appomattox Court House, Virginia, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia to Union General Ulysses S. Grant. But the resulting Battle of Appomattox Court House, which lasted only a few hours, effectively brought the four-year Civil War to an end.

# data[].attributes.body
Confederate States of America, also called Confederacy, in the American Civil War, the government of 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union in 1860–61, carrying on all the affairs of a separate government and conducting a major war until defeated in the spring of 1865.

# data[].attributes.body
Abraham Lincoln was an American statesman, politician, and lawyer who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War, its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis.

# data[].attributes.body
Dred Scott v. Sanford was a 1857 Supreme Court case in which a slave, Dred Scott, tried to sue for his freedom on the grounds that his master moved him to a free territory. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was unconstitutional, and that the federal government could not prohibit slavery in any state or territory.

# data[].attributes.body
John Brown was an American abolitionist who believed in and advocated armed insurrection as the only way to overthrow the institution of slavery in the United States. He first gained attention when he led small groups of volunteers during the Bleeding Kansas crisis of 1856.

# data[].attributes.body
Former Northern Whigs united with the Free Soil Party and the American Party to create the Republican Party. The first person elected president of the United States from the Republican Party was Abraham Lincoln in the election of 1860.

# data[].attributes.body
The Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed by the U.S. Congress on May 30, 1854. It allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. The Act served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30´.

# data[].attributes.body
Harriet Beecher Stowe was the author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, an influencing novel about the horrors of slavery, which was published in 1852. It boosted the North's sense of morality against slavery and was a substantial key to The Civil War. Uncle Tom's Cabin was important because it helped to bring on the Civil War. ... Even if this is not true, it shows how people believed that Stowe's book helped to cause the Civil War. Uncle Tom's Cabin increased opposition to slavery in the North.

# data[].attributes.body
Fugitive Slave Act. A law passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, which provided southern slaveholders with legal weapons to capture slaves who had escaped to the free states.

# data[].attributes.body
The Compromise of 1850 was a package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850, which defused a four-year political confrontation between slave and free states on the status of territories acquired during the Mexican–American War.

# data[].attributes.body
In January 1848, a foreman working in a sawmill owned by John Sutter (one of Californias leading ranchers) found traces of gold in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. Within months of the discovery, thousands of people began flocking to California in search for gold, some of the Californian migrants threw caution to the winds, abandoned farms, jobs, homes and families, and were known as forty-niners, they created a new male- based society that was unsuccessful.

# data[].attributes.body
President Polk declares war on Mexico. On May 13, 1846, the U.S. Congress overwhelmingly votes in favor of President James K. Polk's request to declare war on Mexico in a dispute over Texas. Under the threat of war, the United States had refrained from annexing Texas after the latter won independence from Mexico in 1836.

# data[].attributes.body
The Wilmot Proviso. The Wilmot Proviso was a rider (or provision) attached to an appropriations bill during the Mexican War. It stated that slavery would be banned in any territory won from Mexico as a result of the war.

# data[].attributes.body
Transcendentalism is an American literary, political, and philosophical movement of the early nineteenth century, centered around Ralph Waldo Emerson. ... Emerson and Thoreau sought this relation in solitude amidst nature, and in their writing.

# data[].attributes.body
The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention. It advertised itself as "a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman". Held in Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19–20, 1848.

# data[].attributes.body
A transatlantic telegraph cable is an undersea cable running under the Atlantic Ocean used for telegraph communications. The first was laid across the floor of the Atlantic from Telegraph Field, Foilhommerum Bay, Valentia Island in western Ireland to Heart's Content in eastern Newfoundland.

# data[].attributes.body
Dorothea Lynde Dix was an American advocate on behalf of the indigent mentally ill who, through a vigorous and sustained program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums. During the Civil War, she served as a Superintendent of Army Nurses.

# data[].attributes.body
The Lowell System was a labor production model invented by Francis Cabot Lowell in Massachusetts in the 19th century. The system was designed so that every step of the manufacturing process was done under one roof and the work was performed by young adult women instead of children or young men.

# data[].attributes.body
Nat Turner was an enslaved African-American mystical preacher who led a two-day rebellion of both enslaved and free black people in Southampton County, Virginia, beginning August 21, 1831. The rebellion caused the death of approximately 60 white men, women and children.

# data[].attributes.body
The Trail of Tears was a series of forced relocations of Native Americans in the United States from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States, to areas to the west (usually west of the Mississippi River) that had been designated as Indian Territory.

# data[].attributes.headline
South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification 

# data[].attributes.subject
South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification 

# data[].attributes.body
A huge movement against the Tariff of 1832 was headed by the state of South Carolina. The state believed that this tariff was extremely detrimental to its well being. So, it compiled a convention to discuss the issue. The decision was made, and on November 24, 1832, the South Carolina legislature passed the Ordinance of Nullification, which declared the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional, and thereby null and void. The Nullification Crisis began with this act. The doctrine of nullification asserted that a state could resist a federal law that was not specifically authorized by the U.S. Constitution. For the nullifying state there would remain, only the two alternatives, of humiliation, and civil war.But, the Nullification Crisis would not lead to such drastic measures; it only brought forth certain ideas, such as nullification and states' rights, that would play an important role in the country's history.

# data[].attributes.body
Andrew Jackson was born in 1767 in the Waxhaws region between North Carolina and South Carolina. A lawyer and a landowner, he became a national war hero after defeating the British in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. Jackson was elected the seventh president of the United States in 1828.

# data[].attributes.body
The Monroe Doctrine came about due to the fact that other countries were coming out of South America. America therefore had to acknowledge them, but did so in typical American fashion. The Monroe Doctrine was conceived stating that, "You stay out of America, and we'll stay out to you," to try and keep America out of foreign affairs. It also asserted that if America felt threatened they had the rights to get involved in anything. This appeared to work due to the fact that no European countries tried to intercede.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1794, U.S.-born inventor Eli Whitney (1765-1825) patented the cotton gin, a machine that revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber. By the mid-19th century, cotton had become America’s leading export. Despite its success, the gin made little money for Whitney due to patent-infringement issues. Also, his invention offered Southern planters a justification to maintain and expand slavery even as a growing number of Americans supported its abolition.

# data[].attributes.body
As westward expansion continued, a national debate over slavery sparked up as people questioned what states it would reside in. This led to the Missouri Compromise proposed by Henry Clay which had the following conditions:
1. admitted Missouri as a slave state
2. carved out a piece of Massachusetts
3. drew a line along the 36 degree 30' parallel across the Louisiana Territory
4. established the southern border of Missouri as the northeast point at which slavery would not be allowed

# data[].attributes.body
This case ruled that the states could not tax the National Bank, thus establishing the precedence of national law over state law. The case also reaffirmed the supremacy clause as the opposition was trying to challenge the constitutionality of the Bank of the United Sates.

# data[].attributes.body
Robert Fulton was an American engineer and inventor that steamboating from the experimental stage, to the commercial stage. He also designed a system of inland waterways, a submarine, and a steam warship.

# data[].attributes.body
James Monroe was an American statesman, lawyer, diplomat, and Founding Father who served as the fifth president of the United States from 1817 to 1825. A member of the Democratic-Republican Party, Monroe was the last president of the Virginia dynasty, and his presidency coincided with the Era of Good Feelings.

# data[].attributes.body
The War of 1812 led to America having to boycott of French & English goods. The US came to a resolution with France and they were able to start trading again. However this led to the British seeing America as another enemy. they captured the capital burning down the White House. However with most battles America fought at a stalemate. When the war ended (with Napoleon's defeat) many of the issues of war evaporated and peace treaty was signed, however none of the original problems that started the war were acknowledged.

# data[].attributes.body
Born on March 16, 1751, in Port Conway, Virginia, James Madison wrote the first drafts of the U.S. Constitution, co-wrote the Federalist Papers and sponsored the Bill of Rights. He established the Democrat-Republican Party with President Thomas Jefferson, and became president himself in 1808.

# data[].attributes.body
The major accomplishment of Jefferson's first term was this. The French were able to take advantage of New Orleans's position at the mouth of the Mississippi. The US didn't want that so Monroe was sent over to France to purchase the land for $2 million. The French, about to go to war, gladly accepted for $15 million instead. This was out of character and went against everything Jefferson stood for as a politician, since he advocated for limited interpretation of the Constitution. Despite this he couldn't pass up the opportunity to double the size of the United States and just bought it anyways yolo lmao.

# data[].attributes.body
In the election of 1800, the two Candidates, Aaron Burr & Thomas Jefferson received the same amount of votes from the electoral college. This meant the House of Representatives was to vote on who would be president. Jefferson won and this was important due to the fact that this was America's first transition of power, from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans, where no violence occurred. Jefferson called it "the bloodless revolution."

# data[].attributes.body
During his presidency, Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to investigate the western territories (which included much of the Louisiana territory). This trip included Sacajawea who was the Native American guide that helped them navigate & negotiate the lands. All returned with favorable reports which led to a desire for westward expansion among the American people.

# data[].attributes.body
William Marbury sued James Madison for refusing to certify his appointments to the federal bench. Marshall was a federalist and sympathized with Marbury, however he wasn't sure if he could force Jefferson to accept Marbury's appointment. Out of this case came the judicial review: one of the most important principles of the Supreme Court. The Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the Supreme Court authority to federal appointees to deliver appointments. However Marshall believed that this act gave too much power to the judicial Branch, at the expense of Congress and the President, thus it was unconstitutional. This led to the Supreme Court having the responsibility for reviewing the constitutionality of Congressional Acts.

# data[].attributes.body
This was the low point of Adam's presidency. It allowed the government to forcibly expel foreigners and to jail newspaper writers for "malicious writing." The acts were aimed at destroying new immigrants. It also strictly regulated anti-government speech and Jefferson & Madison led an opposition against such acts.

# data[].attributes.body
While negotiations took place between the US & France to stop France from raiding US ships on the sea, the French diplomats demanded a hefty bribe before even starting. The Americans returned and Adams published their reports for the public to see, changing their names to X, Y, & Z. The public quickly became anti-French, to the point on the brink of war, however Adams stepped in and negotiated a settlement.

# data[].attributes.body
John Adams was the second president of the United States. He was a lawyer and a diplomat, while also being head of the Continental Congress before the formation of America. He was the first vice president and second president, only serving one term.

# data[].attributes.body
Began in western in Pennsylvania in 1791. Hamilton proposed a tax on whiskey in an attempt to raise revenue to pay off debt. Washington, determined not to let the government tolerate armed disobedience, sent the army in to dispatch the uprising. This was important b/c it showed that there were still class tensions in America and the fact that the new government now had power and wasn't afraid to use it.

# data[].attributes.body
The main purpose of The Federalist Papers was to explain the newly proposed constitution (we had a first constitution called The Articles of Confederation) to the people of New York in the hopes of encouraging them to ratify the new constitution in the upcoming ratifying convention.  They cogently detailed the deficiencies of the Articles of Confederation and the need for a stronger federal government, and then explained the specific elements of the proposed constitution.  The Federalist Papers consist of 85 letters written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay.

# data[].attributes.body
The Northwest Ordinance, adopted July 13, 1787, by the Confederation Congress, chartered a government for the Northwest Territory, provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the territory, and listed a bill of rights guaranteed in the territory. Following the principles outlined by Thomas Jefferson in the Ordinance of 1784, the authors of the Northwest Ordinance (probably Nathan Dane and Rufus King) spelled out a plan that was subsequently used as the country expanded to the Pacific.

# data[].attributes.body
The Articles of Confederation served as the written document that established the functions of the national government of the United States after it declared independence from Great Britain. It established a weak central government that mostly, but not entirely, prevented the individual states from conducting their own foreign diplomacy.

# data[].attributes.body
The Declaration of Independence, 1776. By issuing the Declaration of Independence, adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, the 13 American colonies severed their political connections to Great Britain. The Declaration summarized the colonists' motivations for seeking independence.

# data[].attributes.body
Common Sense was Thomas Paine's letter to the country telling them to wake up and see the logic in revolution. It is considered to be one of the most influential pamphlets in American history. Paine changed the mentality of many colonists which greatly helped America's cause as war had started with more citizens supporting it.

# data[].attributes.body
After war and violence broke out between the colonies and Great Britain, the Second Continental Congress was made to deal with such war matters. The Congress's most long-lasting and influential decision they made was that of appointing George Washington as commander in chief of the army.

# data[].attributes.body
This served as the government over the colonies for a period of time. It was comprised of representatives from each of the colonies. It included many people that would be known to be our founding fathers. They met and encouraged free debate and equality among members. Although at the time they were actively loyal the British parliament, they also actively resisted the taxes that were taking place.

# data[].attributes.body
Britain eventually replaces the acts with taxes on the tea imports that were happening. This led to the colonists boycotting the British tea, opting to illegally import Dutch tea. The governor tried to get them to stop, and in protest some people, those suspected to be the Sons of Liberty, dressed as Natives and threw all the tea off of the incoming ships into the Boston Harbor. No one was caught, and this was another factor that added tensions leading to the Revolutionary War.

# data[].attributes.body
The Intolerable Acts were punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. The laws were meant to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance in the Tea Party protest in reaction to changes in taxation by the British to the detriment of colonial goods.

# data[].attributes.body
The Boston Massacre started with a conversation between Private Hugh White and some colonists. However things began to escalate, more colonists started coming, and eventually sticks and rocks started being thrown. British soldiers were sent out to stop the minor riot when tensions rose even higher and shots started being fired from the British side. All in all, 5 colonists died. The Boston Massacre was posted everywhere in the colonies through newspaper and became token for patriotism during this time in American history.

# data[].attributes.body
Writs of Assistance was some laws passed by royalty to deal with the smuggling issue in the colonies. It made it so that custom officials could search any vessel they suspected of smuggling. Those who checked the vessels were also not responsible for the items damaged while the search took place.

# data[].attributes.body
The French and Indian War was fought between the French and British starting in America. They were both fighting for the fruitful land in the Ohio Valley and Canada, as the French were expanding into this area and the British wanted to stop them. The British received helped from the Iroquois while the French received help from the Mohawk and Algonquian tribes. The British ended up winning and got all of the French's land, and this led to the Revolutionary War.  The most important thing that came out of this was that there was a clear division between the colonies and their mother country, as the colonies had to fight alone most of the time.

# data[].attributes.body
This was important as it was the first government proposal for the colonies that had them governed together as a whole. However, this failed due to the fact that many colonies sensed the fact that they would lose their own autonomy, so they either ejected the plan or didn't act on it. The British dropped the plan because they wanted to make running the colonies simple.

# data[].attributes.body
One of the four wars fought between France, Spain, England and France's Indian allies for control of North America. No major battles fought but brought terrifying Indian raids.