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10 seeds we would deposit in a seed bank

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10 seeds we would deposit in a seed bank

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Justicia carnea
Sanchezia speciosa
Odontonema strictum
Ruellia tuberosa
Rosa Philipinensis
Spathoglottis plicata Bl
Pinus kesiya
Aerva sanguinolenta
Spathiphyllum commutatum
Thunbergia grandiflora

The following are species found in the botanical garden in Baguio City. There are not much endemic species found in Baguio has rich and important plants in ecotourism sites, showing diverse species of angiosperms and gymnosperms. This furthers the urge to protect the species whether they are introduced or native.

Chua-Barcelo, Racquel. (2013). TAXONOMY OF VASCULAR PLANTS IN BOTANICAL GARDEN, BAGUIO CITY.

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Seed dormancy is defined to be a state in which seeds are unable to germinate, despite having suitable environmental conditions for germination. The reason for this is that seeds need to rest for a while before being able to germinate.

BYJU'S. (2020, October 12). Seed Dormancy - Causes, Types, Methods and its Importance. BYJUS. https://byjus.com/biology/seed-dormancy/.

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Not all seeds can germinate easily when they are presented in their favored environment. They require a set of conditions in order to break dormancy and allow germination. And the breaking of the dormancy can be associated with the seed coat or with the state of the embryo.

The common way to break dormancy is when the tough seed coat that mechanically restricts germination rots or gets scratched open and allows water to enter. An example of this way of breaking seed dormancy would be from Ceanothus plants (Yildiz et al., 2017; Heslop-Harrison, 2017).

Germination inhibitors get drained away by water or get their tissues destroyed to allow germination an example of a plant correlating to this is Acer pseudoplatanus (Yildiz et al., 2017; Heslop-Harrison, 2017).

Dormancy will also only be broken when a certain period of time has passed even if the seed is in optimal conditions. The seeds may have taken time because it is still finishing processes in embryonic development before it germinates.

Seeds may also break dormancy when the optimal temperature conditions are met. Such as plants that are exposed in the winter, they will only break dormancy when they reach a temperature above freezing or else, germination will fail or will get disrupted, leading to abnormal growth. An example of a winter sowing plant would be Rudbeckia fulgida (Rudbeckia fulgida - Plant Finder, n.d.; Heslop-Harrison, 2017).

Light exposure on certain wavelengths can also promote dormancy breakage. But light can also inhibit germination. Red light for example, can promote germination, but far-red light can inhibit germination. The sensitivity of the seeds to light may indicate that germination may depend on the season of the year, or the depth of the seed in the soil. Temperature could also interplay with light. An example of light dependent germination would be from Arabidopsis (Neff, 2012; Heslop-Harrison, 2017).

Heslop-Harrison, J. (2017, December 7). Plant development. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/plant-development

Neff, M. (2012). Light-Mediated Seed Germination: Connecting Phytochrome B to Gibberellic Acid. Developmental Cell, 22(4), 687–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2012.04.003

Rudbeckia fulgida - Plant Finder. (n.d.). Missouribotanicalgarden.Org. Retrieved May 26, 2021, from http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=277460

Yildiz, M., Beyaz, R., Gursoy, M., Aycan, M., Koc, Y., & Kayan, M. (2017). Seed Dormancy. Advances in Seed Biology. Published. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70571

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One of the more well-known seed banks, aside from the Kew Millennium Seed Bank, in Sussex. The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is built inside a mountain in the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard.

These are just some of the many seed banks found around the world.

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Through war, wildfire and pandemic, the world's seed vaults hold strong

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By the time the war broke out in Syria, researchers from the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) had already duplicated and safely transported most of their genetic treasure trove to the Svalbard Global Seed Vault on the remote Arctic island of Spitsbergen, Norway.

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Establishment of the Apical-Basal and Radial Axis

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Establishment of the Apical-Basal and Radial Axis

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The apical-basal axis in the plant embryo usually determines how the adult plant is oriented. To establish the orientation of the plant, the apical (shoot) and the basal (root) poles would have to be patterned in the embryo. While the apical-basal axis is established from the polar organization of the zygote, the radial axis is established in the eight-celled embryo.  The hormone responsible for plant growth is called "auxin". Auxin is responsible for the sequential initiation of the apical-basal axis of the plant embryo (Kryzystof et. al., 2013). In Arabidopsis plants, the GNOM gene is also involved in stabilizing the apical-basal axis (Jürgens et. al., 1997)

Jürgens, G., Grebe, M., & Steinmann, T. (1997). Establishment of cell polarity during early plant development. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 9(6), 849–852. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0955-0674(97)80087-7

Wabnik, Krzysztof; Robert, Hélène S.; Smith, Richard S.; Friml, Jiří (2013). Modeling Framework for the Establishment of the Apical-Basal Embryonic Axis in Plants. Current Biology, 23(24), 2513–2518. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.10.038

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Germination is when the seed, spore, or any reproductive body would sprout after some time of dormancy. Germination may occur through the passage of time, exposure to cold or warm temperatures, oxygen presence, light exposure, and water absorption. In germination, water gets absorbed by the embryo, rehydrating and expanding the cells of the seed. Following imbibition, respiration rate increases and so does other metabolic processes that were halted during dormancy.
Germination can also take place in the early development process. Like in Rhizophora

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There are two types of seed dormancy:
Exogenous dormancy is when it is caused by external conditions from the seed embryo. A situation for an exogenous dormancy is when the seed coat is too tough for any moisture to penetrate it.
Endogenous dormancy is when the embryo is still not fully developed or seasonal timings have not occurred. Chemicals can also inhibit germination leading to seed dormancy (Shock et al., 2019).

Shock, C. C., Cheatham, N. E., Harden, J. L., Mahony, A. C., & Shock, B. M. (2019, March 13). Germination: Seed Dormancy. College of Agricultural Sciences. https://agsci.oregonstate.edu/mes/sustainable-wildflower-seed-production/germination-seed-dormancy

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Embryonic Stages of Development for Monocots

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Embryonic Stages of Development for Monocots

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Monocots have 4 stages in embryogenesis:
The proembryo stage is when the first cell division of the seed occurs. Like in corn, the division is asymmetrical and would lead to an apical and basal cell. The apical cell divides at a faster rate compared to the basal cell. The basal cell becomes the embryo.

In the globular stage, the proembryo's suspensor appears to not be a single or double row of cells. It is also less differentiated compared to the globular stage of dicots. On its later stages, an outer epidermal layer becomes apparent and a group of cells on a side of the proembryo divides a lot more rapidly. The globular stage will eventually give bring about the embryo axis.

The scutellar stage is when the cotyledon remains can be seen. The cotyledon pairs get reduced into one modified cotyledon called, the scutellum. It functions as a conductive tissue between the endosperm and the embryo axis.

The coleoptilar stage is when the embryo axis differentiates itself to become the plumule or the shoot, and the radicle. There is a specialized tissue around the shoot and root tissue to help during germination. The tissues are the coleoptile and coleorhiza (Seeds, Embryogenesis, n.d.).

Seeds, Embryogenesis. (n.d.). Propg.Ifas.Ufl.Edu. Retrieved May 26, 2021, from https://propg.ifas.ufl.edu/04-seeds/01-development/04-seedsdevelopment-embryogenesis.html

Image source:
https://propg.ifas.ufl.edu/04-seeds/01-development/04-seedsdevelopment-embryogenesis.html

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Currently, there is little to no updates in seed banking efforts in our country.

However, there has been a proposed training workshop by the Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Training institute, where the objective is to educate farmers and/or teachers in rural areas on the importance of seed preservation, as well as teaching skills in seed saving & preservation. Ultimately creating a community seed bank.

Projects like the Organic Seed Bank Project in the Philippines, which helps farmers in the northern Philippines, collaborate with places like the ENCA farm in Benguet.
Farmers receive international training on seed saving, propagation, storage, and access to organic seeds rather than chemically induced seeds as part of the project.
aimed at "creating a new local economy" and "improving the well-being of local residents" and the food system and the health of farmers in Benguet Province and the Philippines as a whole” (Global Seed Savers, 2015).

The Philippines is also a participant in the Southeast Asia Regional Initiatives for Community Empowerment's Community Seed Banks (CSB) initiative (SEARICE).

Organic Seed Bank Establishment in Philippines. GlobalGiving. (n.d.). https://www.globalgiving.org/projects/organic-seed-bank-establishment-in-philippines/.

Preserving Seeds of Hope: A Community Seed Banking. Agricultural Training Institute | Home of the Philippine e-Extension. (2018, January 30). https://ati.da.gov.ph/ati-main/event/preserving-seeds-hope-community-seed-banking.

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Flowering plants have 3 stages:
Early embryogenesis is the phase where there is a substantial rate of cell division. This is the part where the body plan of the embryo is laid out. Such is the phase where the cotyledon/s is/are defined. Other structures like the root-shoot axis, root and shoot apices, protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium are also characterized. The endosperm is also characterized but not in conifers, to where the embryo develops within the female gametophyte.
Mid-embryogenesis is involved with high and varied biochemical processes. Cell division slows down at this stage, and eventually stops but the cell continues to enlarge until it reaches quiescence. Growth does not resume until seed germination.
Late embryogenesis is the phase where the seeds desiccate and mature. The seed coat of the plant hardens and the outer walls become cutinized. The vascular funiculus between the mother and the seed become broken, leading to desiccation of the seed. The seeds become in a dry state of suspended animation called quiescence (Srivastava, 2002).

Srivastava, L. M. (2002). Seed Development and Maturation. Plant Growth and Development, 431–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012660570-9/50160-x

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Embryonic Stages of Development for Dicots

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Embryonic Stages of Development for Dicots

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Dicots go through 4 stages in embryogenesis:
In the proembryo stage, basal cells form the suspensor. The apical cell becomes the embryo. Dicot suspensors, like in Capsella bursa- pastoris, form a column of single or multiple cells. The suspensor acts to push the proembryo to the embryo sac. The suspensor also plays a role in absorbing and transmitting nutrients to the proembryo.

In the globular stage, the globular embryo's basal cell derivatives from the hypophysis that will form the radicle. Tissue differentiation also becomes obvious in the globular embryo that has 16 cells.

In the cotyledon stage, the cotyledon primordium become noticeable. It also appears heart-shaped. The primordia elongate, giving a torpedo-shaped embryo. The embryo forms an apical meristem, radicle, cotyledons, and hypocotyl in the heart and torpedo stages.

In the mature stage, the embryo is fully developed and the cotyledons can be viewed clearly. The shoot and root meristem is also visible. The suspensor and the basal cell also begins to disappear at this stage (Seeds, Embryogenesis, n.d.).

Seeds, Embryogenesis. (n.d.). Propg.Ifas.Ufl.Edu. Retrieved May 26, 2021, from https://propg.ifas.ufl.edu/04-seeds/01-development/04-seedsdevelopment-embryogenesis.html

Image Source:
https://propg.ifas.ufl.edu/04-seeds/01-development/04-seedsdevelopment-embryogenesis.html

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Seed banks are places where seeds are stored for the goal of preserving the plant diversity of the planet. Seeds from different plant species are stored in jars, behind disaster-proof (floods, bombs, radiation) vaults, ensuring the safety of the seeds.

These seeds are kept in cold, low humidity environments, ensuring that the seeds can still develop later on.

There are over a THOUSAND seed banks over the world, but the largest seed bank is found in Sussex, England. The Millennium Seed Bank houses seeds from over 40,000 plant species.

With an estimated 40% of plant species that is vulnerable to extinction worldwide, multiple factors like climate change, pollution and human changes, are responsible for the decrease in plant diversity.

This is why seed banks are an important institution to ensure that the future generations will still have green landscapes to look at.

Gosling, R. (2020). What is a seed bank, how does it work and why is it important? Woodland Trust. https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/blog/2020/12/what-is-a-seed-bank/.

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A seed is a reproductive object of a gymnosperm or an angiosperm, containing an embryo with or without stored food for its early development after it germinates (Lambers, 2019).

Lambers, H. (2019, November 25). Seed. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/seed-plant-reproductive-part

Image reference: Which came first, the plant or the seed? - BBC Science Focus Magazine

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Shown below is a cross section of a monocot and dicot seed, which includes the different parts of a seed.

Image reference:
Labassisment2 Flashcards | Chegg.com