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Hoàng(6.2)
New England was isolated from the rest of the colonies and force the insurgents in that region into submission , believing that doing so would end the conflict. They attack NY in 1776 and took over American capital of Philadelphia . They planned to control of that boundary would isolate new england . Howes were not authorized to grant and the conferencedisbanded despite howe’s effort . On September 16, 1776, George Washington’s forces held up against the British at the Battle of HarlemHeights. A few weeks later, on October 28,General Howe’s forces defeated Washington’s at the Battle of White Plains and New York City fell tothe British. After that , new England intend on raising revolutionary moraleafter the British captured NYC , he launched surprise strikes against British forces in theirwinter quarters . On January3, 1777, Washington achieved another much-needed victory at the Battle of Princeton. He again broke witheighteenth-century military protocol by attacking unexpectedly after the fighting season had ended.
Minh Quang (6.2)
Winter for Washington and his troops at Valley Forge was a low time for American forces. The lack of supplies made the men weak and sick. This caused some soldiers to desert. Low morale extends to Congress, where some want to replace Washington with a more seasoned leader. Hope came to Washington and his men in February 1778 when the Prussian soldier Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben. By training some soldiers and then letting them train others, he eventually turned the Continental Army into a force capable of opposing British professional and professional Hessian soldiers. And then Prime Minister Lord North's plan to isolate New England ended in disaster. The American victory at the Battle of Saratoga was an important turning point of the war. This victory convinced the French to recognize American independence and form a military alliance with the new nation

Việt Bách(6.1)
Colonists from different economies united and opposed the British government.  Because to resolve those crises, the British government pursued a policy of law and order from 1760-1770.  In December 1773, to protest the tax law, the British people poured tea into Boston Harbor.  In 17774, tensions rose when the British team forgot to send troops to Boston and disarm the rebels, which led to a conflict and the two sides opened fire.  This event was called by poet Emerson "the sound of guns resounding throughout the world", the American revolution began here.  From 1763 to 1774, England's economy fell into a difficult situation despite winning wars with France and India.  As a result, Britain had to introduce tax measures on tea and other British goods.  Patriotic groups protested and protested about the act in December 1773. Throughout late 1774 and into 1775, tensions in New England continued to increase.  The Minutemen met the British and engaged them, first at Lexington and then at Concord.  Then the British army had to withdraw to Boston and be surrounded by thousands of New Englanders.  In June 1775, General Gage successfully captured Breed's and Bunker Hill but was still unable to enter the colony.  August 1775 King George III declared the colonies in anarchy.  On March 17, 1776, British troops evacuated to Halifax, Nova Scotia, ending a siege of nearly a year.  At the time of the British withdrawal, fighting broke out in other colonies.  After hitting Britain, the old people felt very dissatisfied with the new policy.  At the time, Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense to redirect colonial discontent with the King himself, not the British Parliament.  In the summer of 1776, the Continental Congress met in Philadelphia and agreed to sever ties with Great Britain.  Preface to the Declaration with the Enlightenment statement on universal human rights and values.
Trang Linh (6.3)
By 1778, the war had turned into a stalemate. The British revised their strategy and focused on the southern colonies. The southern strategy brought the British success at first, but the Continental strategy eventually triumphed. The army defeated the British at Yorktown, effectively ending the war's large-scale operations. The British architect of the war strategy believed that with the support of Loyalists, slaves, and Indian allies in the South, Britain would gain the upper hand, and this southern strategy was initially very successful. In Georgia, they found support from thousands of slaves, the British regained political control in Georgia. The Continental Congress proposed freeing slaves in exchange for joining the Patriot army against the British, but revolutionaries in Georgia and South Carolina refused to consider this offer. The British then focused their attention on South Carolina. However, as in other colonies, control of major seaports did not imply British control of the interior. Fighting in the southern colonies devolved into a ruthless civil war as the Revolution unleashed a flood of suppressed rage and resentment between residents of the frontier and those along the coast. Cornwallis surrendered to American forces then the southern campaign came to an end at Yorktown. Officials from the United Kingdom and the United States signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783 to finalize the treaty.

Dũng
6.4 Loyalty to Great Britain came in many forms, from wealthy elites who enjoyed the prewar status quo to runaway slaves who desired the freedom that the British offered.

LOYALISTS

Many Loyalists were royal officials and merchants with extensive business ties to Great Britain, who viewed themselves as the rightful and just defenders of the British constitution. To ferret out Loyalists, revolutionary governments also passed laws requiring the male population to take oaths of allegiance to the new states. As many as nineteen thousand colonists served the British in the effort to put down the rebellion, and after the Revolution, as many as 100,000 colonists left, moving to England or north to Canada rather than staying in the new United States . Eight thousand whites and five thousand free blacks went to Britain.

Over thirty thousand went to Canada, transforming that nation from predominately French to predominantly British. Another sizable group of Loyalists went to the British West Indies, taking their slaves with them.
SLAVES AND INDIANS

Washington, the owner of more than two hundred slaves during the Revolution, refused to let slaves serve in the army, although he did allow free blacks. In the new United States, the Revolution largely reinforced a racial identity based on skin color. Whiteness, now a national identity, denoted freedom and stood as the key to power. Indeed, despite their class and ethnic differences, white revolutionaries stood mostly united in their hostility to both blacks and Indians.

For slaves willing to run away and join the British, the American Revolution offered a unique occasion to escape bondage. Of the half a million slaves in the American colonies during the Revolution, twenty thousand joined the British cause. After the Revolution, some of these African Loyalists emigrated to Sierra Leone on the west coast of Africa.
PATRIOTS

The American revolutionaries came from many different backgrounds and included merchants, shoemakers, farmers, and sailors. What is extraordinary is the way in which the struggle for independence brought a vast cross-section of society together, animated by a common cause.
During the war, the revolutionaries faced great difficulties, including massive supply problems; clothing, ammunition, tents, and equipment were all hard to come by.
Valley Forge demonstrates.
Funding the war effort also proved very difficult. Whereas the British could pay in gold and silver, the American forces relied on paper money, backed by loans obtained in Europe.

WOMEN

In colonial America, women shouldered enormous domestic and child-rearing responsibilities. The war for independence only increased their workload and, in some ways, solidified their roles. Rebel leaders required women to produce articles for war—everything from clothing to foodstuffs—while also keeping their homesteads going. This was not an easy task when their husbands and sons were away fighting.
Women were also expected to provide food and lodging for armies and to nurse wounded soldiers.
The Revolution opened some new doors for women, however, as they took on public roles usually reserved for men.
British revenue-raising measures, worked tirelessly to support the war effort.
Philadelphia, wife of Governor Joseph Reed, formed the Ladies Association of Philadelphia and led a fundraising drive to provide sorely needed supplies to the Continental Army.
Women who did not have Reed's affluent position performed important economic responsibilities by manufacturing homespun textiles and food. During times of scarcity, some women organized mobs and robbed others who had supplies.who kept them hidden. Crowds of women surrounded merchants and demanded fair pricing for their wares; if a merchant refused, a riot broke out. Other women served as "camp followers" in the army, working as cooks, washerwomen, and nurses. A few women also participated in fighting, demonstrating their equality with males by violence against the despised British.

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6.1 (Thùy Anh)
* The Great Britain imposed a policy of "law & order" but Patriotic Americans protested intensely, most typically was "The Boston Tea Party".
After that, Britain sent the army and blockaded the port
=> Massachusetts militias and British troops fired on each other
------------------------------
* ON THE EVE OF REVOLUTION
- The enormous debt from French and Indian War forced Britain to institute taxes on tea and other goods sold to the colonies by British companies >< many Patriotic resisted (e.g: Sons of Liberty)
- Boston is epicenter of protest against "Tea Act"; throw valuable tea into the water
=> Relations between the British and many American Patriots worsen.
- Britain punished by closing the port of Boston, limiting the meetings of the colonial assembly, and
disbanding all town meetings ><  First Continental
Congress held in Philadelphia to advocate a boycott of all British goods and established the Continental Association:   supplanted royal control and shaped resistance to Great Britain.
- The British sent General Thomas Gage to the
New England seaport.
- Massachusetts rejected the Coercive Acts and called for the raising of colonial militias to take military action if
needed.
- British & New England began to prepare for conflict by turning their attention to supplies of weapons and gunpowder
- The formation of local rebel militias was built according to Gage's actions, which could mobilize in a minute’s time; many  were minutemen- ppl from F and I war)
* THE OUTBREAK OF FIGHTING
- From late 1774 to 1775, tensions in New England increased.
- Britain retreated to Boston, enduring ambushes by several other militiamen along the way
- After the battles of Lexington and Concord, New England fully mobilized for war, thousands of militias from New England marched to Boston-> soon the city was besieged by rebel forces
- General Gage resolved to take Breed’s Hill and Bunker Hill
despite his victory; however, he was unable to break the colonial forces’ siege of the city
- King George III declared the colonies to be in a state of rebellion; Britain force were in bad situation.
-  March 17, 1776: British evacuated their troops to
Halifax, Nova Scotia -> ending the nearly year-long siege
- By the time the British withdrew from Boston, fighting had broken out in other colonies as well
- In Virginia, the royal governor raised Loyalist forces to combat the rebel colonists and also tried to use the large slave population to put down the rebellion
- . Dunmore’s Proclamation exposed serious problems for both the Patriot cause and for the British => the unintended effect of galvanizing Patriot resistance to Britain: thought that the British looked to deprive them of their slave property and incite a race war
- Dunmore fled Virginia in 1776
* COMMON SENSE
-  With 1775 fresh in their minds, many colonists reached the conclusion in 1776 that the time had come to secede from the Empire and declare independence
- The colonists argued they must had the same rights as Englishmen, only to find them being reduced to an unbearable state of survival
- Common sense, an anonymous pamphlet written by Thomas Paine, had supported for the cause of Independence in 1776 and it made a strong argument for Independence
- Common sense rejected the monarchy, calling King George III a “royal brute” and questioning the right of an island (England) to rule over America
- Paine helped channel discontent toward the king himself =>  create a new political order disavowing monarchy entirely
- He argued for the creation of an American republic, a state without a king, and extolled the blessings of republicanism, a political philosophy that held that elected representatives, not a hereditary monarch, should govern states
-  Included idea "Popular sovereignty": citizens in the republic would determine who would represent them, and decide other issues, on the basis of majority rule.
- It demanded adherence to a code of virtue, placing the public
good and community above narrow self-interest
- Common Sense aimed at ordinary ppl through direct language => convince many to reject monarchy and the British Empire in favor of independence and a
republican form of government
* THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
- In the summer of 1776, the Continental Congress met in Philadelphia and agreed to sever ties with Great Britain
- The Declaration included a long list of grievances, some main points:
+, Attack British king, King George III
+, Laid out the foundation of American government as a republic in which the consent of the governed: Support Republicanism
+, Gave humans basic rights: Equality right (Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness)
- It also reveals a fundamental contradiction of the American Revolution: the conflict between the existence of slavery and the idea that “All men are created equal.

6.2
Revolutionaries faced many hardships as British superiority on the battlefield became evident and the difficulty of funding caused strains. After the British quit Boston, they adopted a strategy to isolate New England from the rest of the colonies. That effort ultimately failed when the British surrendered at Saratoga in 1777. In 1776 and 1777, Washington broke with eighteenth-century military protocol by launching surprise strikes against British forces in their winter quarters. In Trenton, he surprised an encampment of Hessians, German mercenaries hired by Great Britain to put down the American rebellion. Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben's Revolutionary War Drill Manual was instrumental in transforming Washington's Continental Army into a professional armed force. Explore the manual to understand how von Steuben was able to transform Washington's ragtag troops into professional soldiers. The German trained a small corps of soldiers and then had them train others.

6.3 Lê Vy
When the British seized power in 1778, they devised a strategy to invade the southern colonies. Georgia and South Carolina are the starting points. The British won with the support of the Loyalists and Indian allies in the South. Following their conquest of Georgia, the British moved on to South Carolina. South Carolina was divided between the backcountry, so it fell to Great Britain. However, because Britain received so much assistance, its forces were isolated. That's when General Greene noticed the British army's flaw. He didn't need to win a single battle, but he did need to build his troops to wage war. And his strategy worked. Despite their triumph on the battlefield, the British incurred heavy losses. Cornwallis' army was dispatched to Yorktown, but he was defeated when America and France joined forces. They made it impossible for Lord Cornwallis to escape to the sea. The situation was reversed when Lord Cornwallis surrendered on October 19. And in April 1782, the Americans began peace negotiations.
6.4 ( Ngọc Linh)

LOYALISTS

According to historians, about 20-30% of the colonists were Loyalists, and they were often royalty, merchants, and others. Others just despised local business and political rivals who backed the revolution, seeing the insurgents as hypocrites and schemers who hoped to profit from the break with the Empire. To weed out Loyalists, revolutionary governments enacted legislation forcing male citizens to swear allegiance to the new states. Those who rejected were either imprisoned or forced to labor for the new revolutionary order in their area. Instead of staying in the new United States after the Revolution, over 100,000 colonists fled to England and Canada.

SLAVES AND INDIANS

While some slaves who fought for the Patriot cause were freed, Washington, who owned over 200 slaves during the Revolution, refused to allow slaves to fight in the army, but he did allow free blacks to do so. Many enslaved persons who fought for the Patriot cause were freed, whereas the British refused to release these allies. Although the majority of the approach to the method of carrying is tied to skin color, white revolutionaries were largely unified in their hatred of both blacks and Indians. Some of these African Loyalists went to Sierra Leone on Africa's west coast after the Revolution. Others relocated to Canada and the United Kingdom.

PATRIOTS

The war for independence brought a large cross-section of society together, driven by a single cause. American revolutionaries came from many varied backgrounds but shared a common cause.

WOMEN

Women in colonial America took care of their families, nurtured their children, and also manufactured war goods (clothes to food). When husbands and sons go to battle, this is a difficult duty. To fight British revenue-raising plans in the mid-1760s, he worked ceaselessly to promote the war effort. A few women also fought in battle, demonstrating their equality with men by inflicting brutality on the dreaded British.

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6.2
Phương Anh (từ đầu đến hết george washington and the continental army)
After the British withdrawal from Boston, they gradually implemented a strategy to isolate New England from the rest of the colonies and force the region's revolutionaries to submit. At first, British forces concentrated on capturing the major colonial cities. That effort ultimately failed in the fall of 1777 at the Battle of Saratoga.As the British military dominance on the battlefield became clear, revolutionaries faced numerous challenges.

British forces sailed to Nova Scotia to regroup after abandoning Boston in March 1776. The following year, they planned to end the rebellion by cutting New England off from the rest of the colonies and starving it into submission.

General Howe landed his men on Long Island in August 1776, and in the Battle of Long Island, he quickly crushed the American Continental Army. General and Admiral Howe arranged a peace conference in September 1776, where Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and South Carolinian John Rutledge represented the Continental Congress. The Americans demanded recognition of their independence, which the Howes were not authorized to grant, and the conference disbanded.

George Washington’s forces held up against the British at the Battle of Harlem Heights. General Howe’s forces defeated Washington’s at the Battle of White Plains and New York City fell to the British. New York City served as a haven for Loyalists who disagreed with the effort to break away from the Empire and establish an American republic.
The members of the Second Continental Congress approved the formation of a professional Continental Army with Washington as commander-in-chief when they assembled in Philadelphia in May 1775. Back then, militias still made up the majority of the Patriotes' armed forces, and these troops returned home after the summer fighting season. This changed later when Washington deviated from traditional 18th-century military tactics, which required fighting exclusively during the summer. After the British captured New York City, he launched surprise strikes against British forces in their winter quarters. Washington achieved another crucial victory at the Battle of Princeton on January 3, 1777.

6.1 mai anh
Great Britain pursued a policy of law and order when dealing with the crises in the colonies in the late 1760s and 1770s, however, relations between the British and Americans Patriots worsened over the decades then finally the American Revolution. Taxes were instituted on goods and tea in order to settle debt from the conflict but many subjects resisted these taxes as violent measures were used. Parliament enacted a series of laws to punish Massachusetts and bring the colony into line. British American and other colonies were troubled and angered, a congress was held in Philadelphia to establish the Continental Association to control and shape resistance to Great Britain. The conflict turned people’s attention to supplies of weapons and gunpowder, rebel militias were formed. The conflicts with the General Gage army caused Britain to fail and take a high damage. In 1776, the colonies reached the conclusion that the time had come to secede from the Empire and declare independent. The groundswell of support for their cause of independence in 1776 also owed much to the appearance of a pamphlet of Thomas Paine helped convince many to reject the monarchy and the British Empire in favor of independence and a republican form of government. In the summer of 1776 the continental Congress met in Philadelphia, agreed to sever ties with Great Britain, the declaration of independence laid out the foundation of American government as a republic and promoted fairness and equality however it only existed only among white men.

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6.1 Trí Hùng
-          In the late 1760s and 1770s Great Britain pursued a policy of law and order, Relations between the British and many American Patriots worsened over the decade,
culminating in an unruly mob destroying a fortune in tea by dumping it into Boston Harbor , The harsh British response to this act in 1774, which included
sending British troops to Boston and closing Boston Harbor, caused tensions and resentments to escalate
further.

-          decade from 1763 to 1774 was a difficult one for the British Empire. Although Great Britain had
defeated the French in the French and Indian War, the debt from that conflict remained a stubborn and
seemingly unsolvable problem for both Great Britain and the colonies. Great Britain tried various methods
of raising revenue, instituting a tax
on tea and other goods sold to the colonies by British companies, but many subjects resisted these taxes. In
the colonies, Patriot groups like the Sons of Liberty led boycotts of British goods and took violent measures
that stymied British officials. Boston proved to be the epicenter of protest , protested the Tea Act
passed that year—which, among other provisions, gave the East India Company a monopoly on tea—by
boarding British tea ships docked in Boston Harbor and dumping tea worth over $1 million. When the Massachusetts Assembly refused to pay for the tea, Parliament enacted
a series of laws called the Coercive Acts, Parliament
designed these laws, which closed the port of Boston, limited the meetings of the colonial assembly, and
disbanded all town meetings, to punish Massachusetts and bring the colony into line

-          Throughout late 1774 and into 1775, tensions in New England continued to mount. Minutemen met the
British troops and skirmished with them, first at Lexington and then at Concord. The British
retreated to Boston, enduring ambushes from several other militias along the way. After the battles of Lexington and Concord, New England fully mobilized for war. Thousands of militias
from towns throughout New England marched to Boston, and soon the city was besieged by a sea of rebel
forces . In June, General Gage resolved to take Breed’s Hill and Bunker Hill. despite his victory, General Gage
was unable to break the colonial forces’ siege of the city. In August, King George III declared the colonies
to be in a state of rebellion.

-          With the events of 1775 time had come to secede from the Empire and declare independence. Over the past ten years, these
colonists had argued that they deserved the same rights as Englishmen enjoyed in Great Britain, only to
find themselves relegated to an intolerable subservient status in the Empire. The groundswell of support
for their cause of independence in 1776 also owed much to the appearance of an anonymous pamphlet,
first published in January 1776, entitled Common Sense.

-          t
of an island (England) to rule over America. In this way, Paine helped to channel colonial discontent
toward the king himself and not, as had been the case, toward the British Parliament—a bold move
that signaled the desire to create a new political order disavowing monarchy entirely. He argued for the
creation of an American republic, a state without a king, and extolled the blessings of republicanism,
a political philosophy that held that elected representatives, not a hereditary monarch, should govern
states. The vision of an American republic put forward by Paine included the idea of popular sovereignty:
citizens in the republic would determine who would represent them, and decide other issues, on the basis
of majority rule. Republicanism also served as a social philosophy guiding the conduct of the Patriots in
their struggle against the British Empire. It demanded adherence to a code of virtue, placing the public
good and community above narrow self-interest

-          In the summer of 1776, the Continental Congress met in Philadelphia and agreed to sever ties with Great
Britain. The Declaration,
written primarily by Jefferson, included a long list of grievances against King George III and laid out
the foundation of American government as a republic in which the consent of the governed would be of
paramount importance. The preamble to the Declaration began with a statement of Enlightenment principles about universal
human rights and values: “We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that
they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and
the pursuit of Happiness—That to secure these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving
their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed, that whenever any Form of Government becomes
destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or abolish it.”

6.2 Minh Anh, Bao Anh
After the British quit Boston, they implemented to isolate New England, believing that would end the conflict. They began with capturing New York City in 1776 and took over the American capital of Philadelphia in 1777. The major campaigns over the next several years took place in the middle colonies of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, whose populations were sharply divided between Loyalists and Patriots. After evacuating Boston in March 1776, British forces sailed to Nova Scotia to regroup. They devised a strategy, successfully implemented in 1776, to take New York City. Three British armies were to move simultaneously from New York City, Montreal, and Fort Oswego to converge along the Hudson River; British control of that natural boundary would isolate New England. Command of New York City and the Hudson River was their goal. august 1776, General Howe landed his forces on Long Island and easily routed the American Continental Army there in the Battle of Long Island. The Americans were outnumbered and lacked both military experience and discipline.
On September 16, 1776, George Washington’s forces held up against the British at the Battle of Harlem Heights. A few weeks later, on October 28, General Howe’s forces defeated Washington at the Battle of White Plains and New York City fell to the British. In 1777, the British burned Danbury, Connecticut, and in July 1779, they set fire to homes in Fairfield and Norwalk. They held American prisoners aboard ships in the waters around New York City; the death toll was shocking, with thousands perishing in the holds. On January 3, 1777, Washington and his continental army achieved another much-needed victory at the Battle of Princeton. The American victory at the Battle of Saratoga was the major turning point in the war. This victory convinced the French to recognize American independence and form a military alliance with the new nation, which changed the course of the war by opening the door to badly needed military support from France. The French also contributed military leaders, including the Marquis de Lafayette, who arrived in America in 1777 as a volunteer and served as Washington’s aide-de-camp. The Dutch Republic also began to support the American revolutionaries and signed a treaty of commerce with the United States in 1782

6.3 Tri Khang
By 1778, the American War of Independence had turned into a stalemate. The British turned their attention to the southern colonies, where Loyalists could expect more support. The southern strategy brought the British success at first, but thanks to the leadership of George Washington, the Continental Army defeated the British at Yorktown.

Georgia and South Carolina

In December 1778, the British launched their southern campaign by taking Savannah, Georgia's capital. They got backing in Georgia from hundreds of slaves who fled to the British side to escape their enslavement. Following their conquest of Georgia, the British moved on to South Carolina. Camden was one of the most disastrous battles of the Revolutionary War for American troops. General Greene knew that he didn't need to win a single battle to defeat Cornwallis. He could continue to eliminate isolated British forces as long as he stayed in the field.

Yorktown

Lord Cornwallis moved his army to Yorktown, Virginia, expecting the Royal Navy to transport him to New York. A combined French and American force of sixteen thousand men swarmed the peninsula in September 1781. After a siege that lasted eight days, Cornwallis capitulated on October 19.

Treaty of Paris

The British defeat at Yorktown almost ensured the war's result. The British Parliament opted to stop military operations against the insurgents. The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783 by representatives from the United Kingdom and the United States.

6.4 Dic Munh
About 20-30% of colonists were Loyalists as claimed by historians. Many Loyalists were royal officials and merchants with extensive business ties to Great Britain. Others resented local business and political rivals who supported the Revolution. All states passed confiscation acts which resulted in the new revolutionary governments seize Loyalists land and property legally. After the Revolution, more than 100,000 colonists left to England and Canada instead of staying in the new US.

Many enslaved people who fought for the Patriot cause received their freedom whereas the British didn’t grant these allies their freedom. In the new United States, the Revolution largely reinforced a racial identity based on skin color. Whiteness, now a national identity, denoted freedom and stood as the key to power. Blackness, more than ever before, denoted sevile status

Between ten and twenty thousand enslaved people gained their freedom because of the Revolution. At Yorktown, thousands of Black troops fought with Lord Cornwallis. While the British offered freedom, most American revolutionaries clung to notions of Black inferiority. After the Revolution, some of these African Loyalists emigrated to Sierra Leone on the west coast of Africa.

The American revolutionaries came from many different backgrounds and included merchants, shoemakers, farmers, and sailors. During the war, the revolutionaries faced great difficulties, including massive supply problems. The struggle for independence brought a vast cross-section of society together, animated by a common cause.

The Daughters of Liberty worked tirelessly to support the war effort. Women were also expected to provide food and lodging for armies and to nurse wounded soldiers. Esther DeBerdt Reed of Philadelphia raised almost $300,000 in Continental money for the war. She led a fundraising drive to provide sorely needed supplies to the Continental Army.

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6.1
Khac Huy
In the 1760s and 1770s, the British pursued a policy of law and order to govern the colonies. But this angered the Americans and it was the cause of the beginning of the American revolution. During these years the British had to bear the enormous burden of the French and Indian wars. This caused the British to increase taxes in the colony to manage this debt. But in the colonies, Patriot groups like the Sons of Liberty were against this, they propagated a boycott of British goods. In December 1773 there was a special event, which was dumping tea worth over $1 million into the water and then the Massachusetts parliament refused to pay for the tea, which escalated the tension further. Because of efforts to restore rule of law in Massachusetts, the British and New England rebels, under the direction of General Gage, raided the gun and powder warehouses of the British Royal Army, and later that got what they needed. After that battle, he wanted to do the same in Salem but the British were already preparing for war so he left empty-handed. During the following years, tensions in New England increased, and in 1995 General Gage learned of a powder shell being stored at Concord and ordered his troops to store it. The British army, hoping to keep it a secret, departed overnight from Boston but was unfortunately discovered by the people and the first battle began between the Minutemen and British troops at Concord and then Lexington. And that was the first gunshot that began the war in New England.
6.4: Duy Đức
- Many Loyalists were royal officials and merchants with extensive business ties to Great Britain, who viewed themselves as the rightful and just defenders of the British constitution. Others simply resented local business and political rivals who supported the Revolution, viewing the rebels as hypocrites and schemers who selfishly used the break with the Empire to increase their fortunes. Valley, animosity among the tenants of estates owned by Revolutionary leaders turned them to the cause of King and Empire. During the war, all the states passed confiscation acts, which gave the new revolutionary governments in the former colonies the right to seize Loyalist land and property.
To ferret out Loyalists, revolutionary governments also passed laws requiring the male population to take oaths of allegiance to the new states. Those who refused lost their property and were often imprisoned or made to work for the new local revolutionary order. Powerful Indian peoples who had allied themselves with the British, including the Mohawk and the the Thayendanegea
After the war, Brant moved to the Six Nations reserve in Canada.
- Whereas the British could pay in gold and silver, the American forces relied on paper money, backed by loans obtained in Europe.

- In colonial America, women shouldered enormous domestic and child-rearing responsibilities. The war for independence only increased their workload and, in some ways, solidified their roles. The Revolution opened some new doors for women, however, as they took on public roles usually reserved for men.

6.2 Quang Anh
In 1776, British forced to Nova to regroup and planned to end the rebellion by cutting New England off from the rest of the colonies. General William Howe amassed thirty-two thousand troops on Staten island and landed his forces on Long island in August 1776. Then, Washington’s forces held up against the British at the battle of Harlem Heights. In 1977, the British burned Danbury Connecticut. The British held American prisoners aboard ships in the waters around New York City. Meanwhile, New York city served as haven of Loyalists who disagreed with the effort to break away from the Empire. In December 26, Washington moved on Trenton- the place that Hessians were camped. He defeated them surprisingly by attacking at Christmastime. The American victory at the Battle of Saratoga was the turning point in the war. That victory convinced the French to recognize American independence and form a military alliance with the new nation. It changed the course of the war by opening the door to badly needed military support from France. The French also contributed military leaders, including the Marquis de Lafayette, who arrived in America in 1777 as a volunteer and served as Washington’s aide-de-camp. Otherwise,the Dutch Republic also began to support the American revolutionaries and signed a treaty of commerce with the United States in 1782. In june 1778, the British force in philadelphia evacuated to New York City in order to defend that city.