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Causes:
- war and conflict
- high crime rates
- high poverty levels
- high unemployment
- government restrictions

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- War & Conflict
- Famine
- Unemployment
- Poor healthcare & education
- Lack of government support

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Demographic dividend is when a population benefits from a higher level of working age population as the country moves from a high level of child dependents to a low level of child dependents as family size lowers over time

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A cause of forced migration is war and conflict. The Syrian civil war started in 2011 and has resulted in millions of refugees migrating to Europe.

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Forced Migration:
- Corrupt Government
- Natural disasters e.g. earthquakes, flooding, droughts
- War and conflict
- Economic circumstances
- Hunger

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Religious prosecution
war
famine
eg. Rohingya muslims fleeing to Bangladesh becase of religious prosecution and geocide

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Political: Syria + rohingya
Environmental: Sahal Region

Causes:
- war + conflict
- drought
- famine
- food insecurity

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Political:
War
Discrimination
Genocide or ethnic cleansing
Political unrest
Environmental: or social
Natural disasters
High crime
Poor healthcare
Drought or famine

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There could be a civil war occurring or the wages that are coming in are not enough to sustain peoples lives. This leads to forced migration as people fear for their safety and well-being. For example, in Syria there are dozens of militant groups that are engaging in war, this has led to a refugee crisis across Europe in countries like Germany with Greece being one of the places refugees enter Europe

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Causes of forced migration include War and conflict, high unemployment, famine, poor healthcare and education, government restrictions, crime rates, droughts, natural disasters.

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Stop the traffic is an organization who are looking at data to stop the problem at its source and try to help the possible victims of human traffiking
Currently they have a campaign “educate” to create awareness and understanding about people who are trafficked and to teach those who couldn’t learn in an education so that they don’t turn to selling their body for money for their family

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push factors in Rohingya refugee crisis:
- government corruption
- oppression of minority religion
- persecution by army -> burning down villages, raping/killing woman and children

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when one gender is significantly larger in population compared to another gender. decreased female to males in china may lead to increased crime and aggression in men.

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- Government focusing on rural areas
- Contraceptives
- Female education
- Better healthcare

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When there is a disproportionate ratio between genders
E.g China
- High proportion of unmarried men
- Overwhelming competition for marriage and women
- Surplus of bachelors creates more time for men to result to violence and danger due to mental health effects etc

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-War/Conflict
-Poverty
-Lack of healthcare
-Government
-Lack of Jobs

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As the country gets more developed, the family/household size decreases.
This may be because of improvement in equality and education which leads to having better opportunities for working in high paying jobs.

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Gender imbalance is when women and men do not experience the same opportunities and rights. India is an example of a country that has quite a high gender gap index. Overall, a high gender gap index results in a worse quality of life for both men and women. Men experience a lower quality of life as a lot of financial pressures are placed on them whilst women are less happy due to the unequal opportunities and treatment. A gender imbalance can also result in a less educated + larger population as women’s education is not prioritized.

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Gender imbalance is the inequality in number of men to women in a country or continent. One issue is that single men are more likely to exhibit illegal or violent behaviours. Another would be a declining birth rate. Also, countries that have a gender imbalance will have gender inequality

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gender imbalance is when there are not equal opportunities and rights for each gender in a country.
problems:
- general lower literacy rate
- higher crime rate
- hinders rate of development

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Gender imbalance: the disparity between males and females within the population
- Males usually exceed females at birth but subsequently experience different mortality rates

Problems:
- Marriage crisis
- Surplus of bachelors could lead to men resulting in violence due to mental health effects
- Inequalities e.g. in the workplace

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Family household size tends to be small in developed countries or urban environments whereas in rural areas that are less developed, household sizes are bigger

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Gender imbalance and low gender gap index. This is due to many families favoring sons during the one child policy period. Many female babies were selectively aborted, killed, abandoned or adopted by people other countries. This lead to there being a gender imbalance in present day, where there are more men than women in china. Specifically at marriage age, where there is an abundance of single men. Leading to high crime rates, depression rates and human trafficking rates.

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More families have decided to abort girls and wait for a boy child as the boy child has been more likely to produce an income for the family due to gender inequality. This means that there are more men than women in this generation so some of these men will be unmarried and may turn to other forms of life like crime or gambling

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As a country becomes more developed, the family/household size generally decreases, because..
- low birth + fertlity rate -> don't feel the need to have more children eg for labour of the farm, common in LICs
- availability of contraceptives
- increase in female education

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- Fertility rates decrease, there will be a smaller working population in the future, affecting the country's economy.
- Gender imbalance, abortion of female babies as males are preferred. A greater male population has led to hugher crime rates and unmarried men.
- Greater number of female children places in orphanages

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Policies that encourage marriage and reproduction have been put into place. The retirement age has also been increased and massive amounts of money have been placed into the Japanese robotics industry to help the elderly.

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Gender imbalance is when a population has a disproportional amount of males to females.

In China, the imbalance favoring males has caused:

- A large portion of men to be unmarried
- In general, higher crime rates
- A reduction in birth rate

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If there is a gender imbalance, there will be an increase in unmarried people.
There will also be an increase in competition for marriage

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globally household sizes are decreasing on average. regions such as Europe and North American have small sized households of 2-4 where woman have on average less than 2 children. regions like Africa and Asia have larger households with 5-7 where children have more than 3 kids.

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- increase in retirement age
- increase in taxes
- Japan is encouraging economically active immigrants to work in Japan

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Strategies to deal with an ageing population:
-raise retirement age(from 60-65)
-raise taxation
-bring in immigrant workers( specially from Indonesia in japan)
-invest more in technology that will help older people

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- government investment in smaller rural infrastructure rather than focusing in one area
- female education rates higher
- access to contraception/prenatal care

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As a country becomes more developed, family sizes tend to decrease due to causes such as improved health care (Lower infant mortality rates), equality and education - women having more opportunities to go to school + learn about contraception and work

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Gender imbalance is when there is an unbalanced gender ratio meaning that one of the genders is larger than the other. China for example has a high proportion of unmarried men meaning that there is a competition for marriage.

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Japan is moving towards a more technologically advanced society with robots and other machines that can aid elderly people in their everyday lives. They have also put policies in place to encourage the production of children

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- prevelence of family care homes -> take care of the older population
- technological advances -> robots designed to help out elders with simple tasks in life
- implementation of pro natal policies, to avoid effect of aging population in the future
- inmigration, increase econ active people

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They are raising the qualifying age for a pension up to 65 by 2025

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The UN has legally binding resolutions regarding human trafficking, therefore every country that signs the agreement must follow the rules set out in it. One thing that the resolution looks at in particular is prosecuting traffickers once they are caught

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- Increase in retirement age
- Technology / robots
- NGOs support local communities, e.g. local care shelters for the elderly

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- major gender imbalance
- high elderly dependents with low working pop

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- increased the retirement age
- increasing taxation rates
- Japan encourages immigrant works to increase the number of economically active

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UN strategy: Reduce demand for jobs or services that exploit people. Warn and protect vulnerable groups.

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Definition: when there is a higher proportion of economically active people to the dependent population

Benefits
- increase economic activity
- more savings -> for country + individuals due to tax
- employment -> work

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There are lower fertility rates
Increase in minimum age for females to marry
High government spending on education and improving development of the area
Mass education has been a central policy of governments

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Japan has adopted pro natal policies:
- reimbursing parents to have more kids
- government propaganda
also
- increasing retirement age
- increasing raising taxings to increase government revenue
- encouraging immigrants

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Less developed countries tend to have larger family sizes this is due to the lack of quality healthcare leading to a low age in population since there aren’t as many old people.
But once a country starts to become more developed, family sizes tend to get smaller since there is a higher age in population.

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- female education
-gov not focusing on big projects
- better healthcare

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- Government is focusing on the rural areas specifically
- Increased knowledge of contraception/family planning
- Encouragement of female education
- Improved healthcare

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Increase age of retirement
Increase taxes to invest in infrastructure for elderly people e.g. long term care facilities.
Encourage migrants to work in Japan

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Gender Imbalance is when there is a significant difference between males and females and they don't have access to the same opportunities.
eg
-More men in China->
more competition for marriage, surplus of single men can result in violence/mental health issues

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UN: Special purpose funds - to attract and leverage resources into funding projects around the world committed to ending human trafficking

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- Use technology to aid elderly
- NGOs support old people homes and communities
- Increase retirement homes
- Endorsing people to have more kids
- Raising taxes

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- Increasing research and funding in robotics, to serve as substitues for human helpers
- Increase the retirement age
- Incentivising adults to have children, to support the ageing population

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American gov has education schemes and hotline for human trafficking

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Stop the traffik uses technology to build a global picture of human trafficking hotspots and trends in order to prevent people from putting themselves in any additional danger.

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Usually in HICs such as Spain, families tend to be small as there is better healthcare and education, thus women have fewer children due to things such as low infant mortality rates and more women being able to go to work. Whereas in LICs such as Niger, familes tend to be bigger as women have more babies to make sure that some children survive due to high infant mortality rates. Many women are also not educated thus they tend to not have jobs, and they also don't have access to contraceptives, leading to higher birth rates.

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Demographic Dividend:
The accelerated economic growth a country has when there’s a higher ratio of economically active taxpayers to young and old dependents (due to a decline in mortality and fertility rates), this allows for more government spending because: (1) there’s more money to spend on services like education and healthcare (2) less money goes to supporting the young and elderly dependents.