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Annotate this diagram of a nephron to show the steps taken to balance the blood - add a new text box for the following labels; glomerulus, bowmans capsule, renal tubule, blood capillaries and collecting duct

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In relation to red blood cells explain why the body must maintain a stable osmotic balance:
The cells of your body are bathed in tissue fluid. It is important that the concentration of dissolved substances in the tissue fluid is the same as the concentration of the cell contents. If the surrounding fluid becomes more concentrated (hypertonic) than the red blood cell contents, they lose water by osmosis and cannot function. See below for an animation which shows you the effect of water balance problems on the red blood cells which carry oxygen around your body.

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You should know this from L2...
Define diffusion, osmosis and active transport and state why osmosis is important with relation to the kidney:
- Diffusion is the spreading out of the particles of a gas or any substance in solution. It is caused by the random movement of the particles. It is movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down a concentration gradient.
- Osmosis takes place when two solutions are separated by a partially permeable membrane. Water can move freely through them but other particles, such as sugar molecules, cannot.
- Active transport uses energy to move substances against (up) a concentration gradient or across a partially permeable membrane. A transport protein then rotates through the membrane and releases the particle on the other side of the membrane.

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Annotate this diagram with information about the kidney, blood supply, bladder and ureter - add a text box for each annotation

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Describe where urea comes from in the body:
Urea is made when any excess amino acids are broken down in your liver. The amino acids come from protein you have eaten.

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State the role of the kidneys:
- Regulate the amount of water lost from the body/ balance water levels in the body
- Balance the concentration of mineral ions in the blood/body
- Get rid of waste products
Hold onto useful substances like glucose and protein

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Annotate this simple cross-section of a kidney (label parts and describe function) - add a text box for each annotation