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Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.

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A New York State law required public schools to open each day with the Pledge of Allegiance and prayer in which the students recognized their dependence upon God. Which violates 1st amendment

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a tax levied on every adult, without reference to income or resources.

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Symbolic speech is conduct that expresses an idea

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Is the standard by which police authorities have reason to obtain a warrant for the arrest of a suspected criminal.

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A class of individuals that have been historically subject to discrimination.

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Forbids a defendant from being tried again on the same (or similar) charges in the same case

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states must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person.

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the clause in the First Amendment of the US Constitution that prohibits the establishment of religion by Congress.

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a law that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial.

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An enslaved man who sued for his freedom but slaves as well as those who were free could never become citizens of the United States and therefore could not sue in federal court.

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This pertains to the right to freely exercise one's religion

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The level of judicial review for determining the constitutionality of a federal or state statute that does not implicate either a fundamental right or a suspect classification

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the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution requires the states to provide defense attorneys to criminal defendants charged with serious offenses who cannot afford lawyers themselves.

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Seperate but equal which allowed state-sponsored segregation.

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a woman’s right to make her own personal medical decisions including the decision to have an abortion without interference from politicians.

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Jim crow laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued in force until 1965.

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Literacy Test along with poll taxes and extra-legal intimidation, were used to deny suffrage to African Americans.

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Dollree Mapp was convicted of possessing obscene materials after an admittedly illegal police search of her home for a fugitive. 6-3 decision for Mapp

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Prohibits states from denying any person within its territory the equal protection of the laws.

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Speech directed at the overthrow of government

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Libel is a written or published defamatory statement
Slander is defamation that is spoken by the defendant

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Defines citizenship and forbidding the states to restrict the basicrights of citizens

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Protections against Excessive Bail, Cruel and Unusual Punishment

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Rights to jury trial

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Guaranteeing the right to trial by jury in criminal cases

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No person may be compelled to testify against himself and that no person may be tried for a second time on a charge

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Protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures

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The right for people to bear arms

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Protects citizens right to freedom of speech, press, assemble, and petition of the government.