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-Benedict Anderson (intellectual theorist), Imagined Community, 1983.
-Dr. John F Campbell Lecture Plenary #8 2016.
-Newsday News-Paper
-Edward Said, Orientalism, 1977, Pantheon Books 1978.
-Jamaica Observer News Paper, Saturday April 2nd 2016.
-International Encyclopedia, U.S. Intervention in the Caribbean 13 August  2016

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3 Ways in Which the Caribbean is Shaped by U.S. Imperialism to Present Day. (Self Generated)

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3 Ways in Which the Caribbean is Shaped by U.S. Imperialism to Present Day. (Self Generated)

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1) Law: Implication of speed guns in Trinidad and Tobago
2) Business (Franchise): Introduction of a purely U.S. based unit- Starbucks
3) Movie: Local Movie Theaters playing ONLY U.S. produced films.

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Problems Associated with Caribbean Identity

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Problems Associated with Caribbean Identity

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Present Day Issues: Trinidad vs Jamaica conflict.

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PORT OF SPAIN, Trinidad (CMC) - The Trinidad and Tobago Government says it had prevented 12 Jamaicans from entering the island late last month because they were "deemed likely to become charges on public funds".

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs in a statement said that Foreign and Caricom Affairs Minister Dennis Moses met with Jamaica's High Commissioner to Trinidad and Tobago, David Prendergast on Tuesday to discuss the issue.

Read: Reports of ill-treatment of J'cans in T&T coming in - Foreign Affairs Ministry

"All related issues were discussed in an open, frank and courteous fashion befitting the strong relationship between both countries," the statement noted.

Last month, the Jamaica Government said it was probing allegations that two of their nationals were ill-treated on their arrival here and reminded Jamaicans that there is a Caricom (Caribbean Community) Complaints Procedure which may be used to ensure that nationals who have been denied entry, detained or mistreated at the ports of entry of other Caricom states.

Jamaica said it was advising its nationals that they could lodge complaints with the CARICOM office established for that and may also file a formal complaint with the ministry on return to Jamaica.

"The complaint forms are available on arrival at the airports in Jamaica. Once a complaint is received, an investigation is conducted with the relevant authorities in the CARICOM country concerned; and Jamaicans may also make reports directly to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade," the statement added.

But Port of Spain said that Moses had received a report on the refusal of entry of the 12 Jamaicans who arrived at Piarco International Airport on Caribbean Airlines flights BW459 at 7:53 pm and BW455 at 8:43 pm and departed for Kingston, Jamaica at 7:50 am on March 22.

It said that Section 8 (1) (h) of the Immigration Act denies entry to persons who may be deemed likely to become charges on public funds.

"All of the passengers were denied entry in accordance with this Section," the statement said, adding "in keeping with Section 21 of the Immigration Act, both the passengers and Airline were duly notified and served with the relevant notices".

It said that "at approximately 11:00 pm, the passengers were taken into the care of the airline - Caribbean Airlines Limited, to await an outward-bound flight to Kingston, Jamaica, on Caribbean Airlines flight BW414 at 7:50 am on 22nd March, 2016.

"Sections 32 and 34 of the Act outline the responsibility of the airline when passengers are refused entry. Section 34 (c) specifically mandates the company to treat all such persons in a humane manner and to provide them with meals.

"Accordingly, they were taken to the Customs and Excise section of the airport for a baggage check, then escorted upstairs to the departure lounge area where they remained in the presence of the security company contracted by Caribbean Airlines."

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that the Jamaicans "were served a meal and drinks and were provided with blankets by representatives of the airline in keeping with usual airline procedure.

"They had access to a water cooler and were escorted to the washroom facilities on the lower level of the terminal building upon request, as repairs to those facilities in the departure lounge were then being undertaken.

"All departing passengers are directed to this facility on the lower level pending the completion of the repair works," the statement added.

In 2013, the Trinidad-based Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) awarded Jamaican Shanique Myrie pecuniary damages in the sum of BDS$2,240 (One BDS dollar = US$0.50 cents) and non-pecuniary damages to the tune of BDS$75,000 after she had taken the Barbados Government to court alleging that when she travelled to that Caricom country on March 14, 2011 she was discriminated against because of her nationality, subjected to a body cavity search, detained overnight in a cell and deported to Jamaica the following day.

Myrie also claimed that she was subjected to derogatory remarks by a Barbadian Immigration officer.

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UPDATE: Trinidad outlines reasons for denying Jamaicans entry to country

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PORT OF SPAIN, Trinidad (CMC) - The Trinidad and Tobago Government says it had prevented 12 Jamaicans from entering the island late last month because they were "deemed likely to become charges on public funds".

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this defines the Caribbean through is European Colonization, Slavery and Monocropping culture.

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-Dependency Syndrome
-Loss of real culture (Creolization)
-Exploitation (resources and labor)

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*Language barriers
*Water Boundaries
*Ethnic Separatism
*Colonial Cultural Heritage from the Various European Nations.
*Countries that are still in coordination with their 'mother' countries.

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*History of European Colonization.
*Monocropping Culture.
*Location: 21.491 degrees N, 78.6965 W.
*Dependence on forgien bodies or mother countries.
*Tourism Culture
*Agricultural Dependence
*Foreign Dependency Syndrome

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FOUN 1101 Caribbean Civilization.
At the beginning of this semester (September 2016) i had been very reserved to this course. I was not open to it and saw it as a pointless course to be done, as i did CAPE Caribbean Studies prior to entering UWI. I thought to myself it would be a complete waste of my very limited time as it may have nothing to do with my degree.
Being an enthusiastic student towards this type of studies, i was awakened by rich information between my lecture session of online plenaries and tutorial sessions. Yes i had completed a lot of this at CAPE level, but this information i gathered in the past few weeks was so much more in detail and opened my eyes and minded into a whole new era of knowledge and appreciation for this course and type of study.
This has affected me so much that i have questioned my degree in business and even considered switching to history or something of that sort in which i can pursue further study.
My portfolio topic is Caribbean identity and i chose to dwell on this point because it encompasses a brief description of Caribbean life from Colonization to present day Imperialism.
I hope my fellow readers may benefit a huge deal from my brief portfolio presentation on Caribbean Identity.

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Edward Said 1977 Orientalism.

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Edward Said's Orientalism: a Brief Definition

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Unlike the Americans, the French and British--less so the Germans, Russians, Spanish, Portugese, Italians, and Swiss--have had a long tradition of what I shall be calling Orientalism, a way of coming to terms with the Orient that is based on the Orient's special place in European Western Experience.

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Dr. Campbell states that from the moment a group is separated, they become diversified.
Therefore, due to the separating water boundaries of each individual island of the archipelago, each island would assume its own 'imagined community'.

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Represents the Caribbean region through plate tectonics.

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Represents the Caribbean region through the Caribbean Basin (all the coasts that are washed by the Caribbean Sea).

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U.S. Imperialism in the Caribbean Region.

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U.S. Imperialism in the Caribbean Region.

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The Rise of Imperialism ↑

During World War I, the Caribbean (including the Circum Caribbean coasts) was transformed into a contested area. The US government utilized the imperial interests of European powers to justify its own political interests in the region. Since 1823, the so-called Monroe Doctrine served as the basis for US interventions. Any efforts by European nations to colonise territories or interfere with states in the Americas were thus considered an act of aggression. The first victory was the military defeat of Spain: In the Spanish-American War of 1898, US troops intervened in the Spanish Caribbean colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico as well as in some Pacific islands where President William McKinley (1843-1901) established US military governments. In 1902, Cuba became "independent", but, according to the Platt Amendment of 1901, under US protection. From 1880 onwards, the United States strengthened its economic interests in the Caribbean. US corporations, such as the Standard Fruit Company and the United Fruit Company, could acquire land anywhere in the Caribbean territories and thereby established many new plantation systems.

The Clash of Imperialism in the Caribbean ↑

Neither US nor European interventions were something new in the Caribbean, but by the turn of the century new conflicts between the different imperial powers and their allies provoked the outbreak of a major war. Apart from traditional colonial powers like Great Britain and France, the German Empire, which had long been a second-tier colonial power, attempted to become an imperial player on a global level. One of Berlin's major concerns was to support the construction of the interoceanic canal on the Isthmus of Panama to connect the German protectorates in the Pacific with the German Empire. After Africa and Asia, the Caribbean became more and more important. From 1870 onwards, German investments can be observed in most Caribbean countries and colonies. German agents even encouraged the government in Berlin to occupy a West Indian island, preferably Danish St. Thomas (Virgin Islands), to build a naval and cable station as part of a worldwide trading network. A secure naval station in the West Indies would have been a strong basis near any future Central American canal and would have allowed expanding trade with and investments in Central and South America.

Roosevelt's Corollary Policy ↑

President Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919), who governed from 1901 to 1909, feared German involvement in America's "backyard". In October 1902, Roosevelt entered the Colombian civil war to prevent the Germans from further investments and to protect future US interests. He sent two gunboats to help the Panamanian conservative elites in their independence project and occupied the Panama Canal Zone in 1903.

Another political conflict broke out in 1902 between the German Empire and the US because of the so-called Venezuela Crisis that began after Venezuelan President Cipriano Castro (1858-1924), who governed from 1899 to 1908, refused to pay debts to the German Empire, Great Britain and Italy. The consequence was a naval blockade against the main Venezuelan ports. Roosevelt forced the German troops to withdraw and the blockading nations agreed to a compromise on 13 February 1903. Nevertheless, the Germans maintained their blockade until the last day of the negotiations.

The blockade was the reason for Roosevelt's Corollary proclaimed on 4 December 1904. It asserted the United States' right to intervene in conflicts between Europe and the Americas, despite legitimate European claims. Until entering World War I on 6 April 1917, the US intervened in the Dominican Republic (1905, 1907, 1916-1924), in Nicaragua (1907, 1909, 1912-1925), in Honduras (1909, 1911-1925), in Mexico (1914, 1915, 1916, 1917) and in Cuba (1906-1909, 1912, 1917-1919). The latter US intervention in Cuba started in August 1917 because of the US fear that the German Empire would support the insurgents from the Cuban liberal party who refused the declaration of war on Berlin in April 1917.

The US entered Haiti as early as 1915 when the country collapsed due to an unredeemable external debt. Most of the debts were controlled by German and French banks. Between 1901 and 1914, the German Empire had sent warships to Haiti to force diplomatic claims several times. With the outbreak of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924), who governed from 1913 to 1921, became more and more concerned with the German policy in Haiti, as German traders and companies not only controlled about 80 percent of the country's external trade but also owned and operated utilities and corrupted local governments. Hence the US government started to control Haiti's customs duties and the National Bank. Eventually this US policy led to an invasion of Haiti to prevent Germany from taking over the country in 1915. After the withdrawal of troops in 1934, US financial sovereignty remained until 1947.

A similar series of events took place in the Dominican Republic where the US appointed a general customs administrator in 1905. This guaranteed the US control of revenue distribution and, at the same time, the Dominican Republic the amortization of debts.

Roosevelt persuaded the US Congress that this "big stick policy" would protect the Caribbean from any European military intervention. In 1907, the Dominican Republic and the US signed a treaty reserving the US the right to intervene in order to protect the customs receivership. Like Cuba, the Dominican Republic was thus converted into a "legal" protectorate. When it became clear that the US wanted far more influence, the Dominican Congress rejected Wilson's aims in 1915, upon which US Marines landed in Santo Domingo in 1916, where they established a US military government.

Already in April 1914, US Marines had occupied the Mexican port of Veracruz, practising landing operations that they later adopted during World War I. The so-called secret Zimmermann Telegram of January 1917 was a very important motive behind Washington's decision to enter the war. The attack of German submarines on Allied merchant vessels and submarines in the Atlantic gave the Americans another reason to enter the war. Due to the fact that German submarines operated as far as in the Caribbean, the US feared a long-planned German invasion of the Danish Virgin Islands. To prevent this, they concluded a treaty with Denmark and purchased the islands for $25,000,000. In the same vein, Washington also tried to buy other Caribbean territories, such as Jamaica and Trinidad, from Great Britain and France.

Christian Cwik, University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago

Section Editor: Frederik Schulze

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Since the beginning of the 20 th century, political conflicts determined relations between the German Empire and the USA. The Caribbean became one of the scenes of these conflicts during and following World War I. General reasons were the imperial debt policy, increasing German investments, submarine warfare and US economic interests.

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This describes the Caribbean through its nationals who leave their Caribbean home-lands and move to foreign soils,thus creating home-land communities or, a 'home away from home'.

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In my utmost opinion, there is no single Caribbean identity.
The Caribbean is united and devised by various factors.

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Factors that Contribute to Cultural Identities.

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Factors that Contribute to Cultural Identities.

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1. Education
2. History
3. Politics
4. Religion
5. Gender and Sexual Orientation.

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Benedict Anderson (intellectual theorist), Imagined Community, 1983- Saw identity communities in terms of groups.
Dr. Campbell stated that he viewed the Caribbean as an imagined community which basically states, through Benedict Anderson's theory that, the group/community (the Caribbean Diaspora in this case) is so big, that persons will not meet each and every other person face-to-face in that one group.
Identity itself though, refers to the implicit and superior qualities of a group which allow them to stand out from all other groups present.