# data[].attributes.body
Pictures cited in order of appearance :
TheChronicle.com

Knowyourmeme.com

Slideshare.net

Thetruthaddict.com

Keepcalm-0-matic.com

Quickmeme.com

Theglobalgoals.com

# data[].attributes.body
Video Citation:
Amin, Affan. "Gender Inequality" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdDAdV0vBgA&t=18s , 2014.

# data[].attributes.headline
 Relection: How This Course Helped Me In Understanding The Issue Of Gender Inequality in The Caribbean Both In The Past And In The Present

# data[].attributes.subject
 Relection: How This Course Helped Me In Understanding The Issue Of Gender Inequality in The Caribbean Both In The Past And In The Present

# data[].attributes.body
This course helped, to shed a light on the prevalent problem of gender inequality in the Caribbean, through means of the online plenaries, in-tutorial discussions as well as through the analysing of the book Beyond Massa, By learning from all of these things i was able to find my stance on the issue as well as, hear the opinions and statements of my fellow colleagues and  my tutor. The in class discussion of this issue, has also encouraged me to push myself to achieve all my goals and break the glass ceiling, firstly through my short term goals of excelling in my tertiary level education as well as long term to excel at my future job.

# data[].attributes.headline
A Caribbean show , which seeks to address the problem of Gender inequality in the Caribbean.

# data[].attributes.subject
A Caribbean show , which seeks to address the problem of Gender inequality in the Caribbean.

# data[].attributes.body
Video citation:
CaribNationTv. "Addressing Gender Based Violence and Gender Equality Across the Caribbean Diaspora" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQVAqYXDG-A , 2013.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Addressing Gender Based Violence and Gender Equality Across the Caribbean Diaspora

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Violence against women continues to be an epidemic globally and across the Caribbean Diaspora. From trafficking of women and girls, bride burning, female genital mutilation and rape to intimate partner violence and sexual harassment we hear stories daily about the abuses that women and girls face: violations of their human rights.

# data[].attributes.headline
Emma Watson's speech for her "HeForShe"  Campaign. A movement towards Gender Equality

# data[].attributes.subject
Emma Watson's speech for her "HeForShe"  Campaign. A movement towards Gender Equality

# data[].attributes.body
Video Citation:
United Nations. "Emma Watson at the HeForShe Campaign 2014 - Official UN Video" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gkjW9PZBRfk , 2014.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Emma Watson at the HeForShe Campaign 2014 - Official UN Video

# data[].attributes.body
An article which clearly depicts the prominence of a patriarchal society.
article Citation:
Rodionova, Zlata. "Gender equality: more than half of women fear their gender will hurt their career" Independent.co.uk, 2016.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
More than half of female students believe gender may hold them back in their career, a study has found.

Only 42 per cent of women are confident that their gender will have no influence on their pay and their career progression, compared to more than 70 per cent of men, according to the first national Think Future Study from KPMG and the 30% Club, a group of chairs and CEOs committed to better gender balance through voluntary action.

The study launched by Cambridge undergraduate Helena Eccles in November has polled over 20,000 students at 21 universities.

It found that more than 70 per cent of young women are confident in their own abilities but doubtful that a traditional career path will enable them to progress their careers as far as they want.

The findings also highlight the issue of "gendered" sectors, which continues to restrict talent pools in certain industries.

Nearly half of female students felt that a sector's reputation for gender equality would influence their decision about working in it. While only 27 per cent of male students considered gender equality as a requirement for working in an industry.

Financial services was the 4th most popular sector choice for men and only the 12th most popular choice for women, according to Brenda Trenowden, Global Chair of the 30% Club.

Melanie Richards, vice chairman of KPMG UK and a member of the 30% Club Steering Committee, said it is "concerning" that women are considerably less optimistic than men about their future career prospects.

"As business leaders we need to play an active role to promote gender parity, bust these myths and recast the image we are projecting to attract the best talent, regardless of their gender. Within our own firm this includes setting targets to recruit, promote and bring through female talent," Richards said.

"We know better commercial performance comes from the innovation that happens between different people, and we want to recruit graduates from a wider range of backgrounds and disciplines. Having a more diverse workforce gives us a better array of viewpoints on client matters and challenge around our actions," she added.

Finding a job they enjoy, having time to spend with family and friends and being intellectually fulfilled were the top three priorities for job satisfaction when it came to entering the working world for both male and female students, according to the study.

Another recent study by the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) showed that headline progress in achieving a target of 25 per cent of company boards made up of women was "masking" the reality.

Three out of five firms in the FTSE 350 were failing to meet the target and fewer than half increased female board representation in recent years.

Reuse content

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
More than half of women fear their gender will hurt their career

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
More than half of female students believe gender may hold them back in their career, a study has found. Only 42 per cent of women are confident that their gender will have no influence on their pay and their career progression, compared to more than 70 per cent of men, according to the first national Think Future Study from KPMG and the 30% Club, a group of chairs and CEOs committed to better gender balance through voluntary action.

# data[].attributes.body
Before doing this course, I had a numerous amount of expectations. Some of which were:

To learn/ re-learn as well as gain a deeper appreciation for , the history and culture of the Caribbean.

I also expected, to gain a better understanding of what has happened in the past, to lead us to what is present and what may happen in the future of the Caribbean

In addition, I also expected this course to contribute in achieving my personal goals as well as contribute to Caribbean the region.

# data[].attributes.headline
An article from The Trinidad Guardian About Gender Inequality

# data[].attributes.subject
An article from The Trinidad Guardian About Gender Inequality

# data[].attributes.body
Article Citation:
Baksh, Rawida. "Women's struggles for equality."  The Trinidad Guardian, 2012.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
This is the second in a series of commentaries on what 50 years of independence has meant for women's rights and gender equality in Trinidad and Tobago. This week, I focus on women's struggles in the pre-independence period.

The Caribbean colonies were an important cog in the wheel of the British imperial project of wealth creation. In response, they were served by a 'democratic' system that supported capital interests and the propertied classes and exploited the African and Indian population.

Linden Lewis states that in the period up to the pre-independence movements of the 1940s and '50s, the outcomes for women were shaped by a colonial state that was "masculinist in its personnel, orientation and policy formulation." Although the majority of women had worked in the public sphere as slaves, indentured labourers, and in other occupations, the ideology that 'women's place is in the home' was pervasive. Linnette Vassell argues that colonial gender policy categorised women as wives and mothers under the authority of men within the private sphere, and placed them in a subordinate position to men in political, economic and socio-cultural life.

Rhoda Reddock makes the point that colonial education policy viewed girls as future housewives, and offered them "limited occupational and vocational opportunities" in line with their "domestic status." Similar education policy continues to influence the labour market to the present day, as discussed in an earlier commentary.

Women's early activism for social reforms, political rights
Women began organising for their rights in the 19th and early 20th centuries through religious and social welfare organisations, trade unions, and civic and political organisations. Audrey Jeffers founded the Coterie of Social Workers in the 1920s, which created "breakfast sheds" that provided meals for primary school children. The Coterie linked the struggles for social welfare and political reform to the broader nationalist agenda, and Jeffers was the first Caribbean woman to be elected to municipal office in 1936.

Labour rebellions flourished in the 1920s and '30s, and women labourers participated actively. Reddock recounts that in 1922, after the Esperanza sugarcane plantation failed to reduce the work tasks, a report stated that "even the women of central Trinidad beat the overseers with hooks and crook sticks when they sought to force people to work."

Similarly, women weeders at the Brechin Castle plantation attacked the overseer with hoes due to the failure to reduce their tasks, and were taken into custody. The Butler Party attracted large numbers of women and included a Women's Committee. While its main mission was to prepare meals and deliver them to the male strikers, women of the committee and the wider party took on a more substantial role as the riots escalated in 1937.

The experience of national independence
Women's organising fed into the process of negotiating constitutional decolonisation and national independence by the male political leadership. While women were granted the vote equally with men under universal adult suffrage, this did not alter the male-female power relations inherited from the colonial period.

The independence project itself, founded largely on British institutional systems and values, did not significantly transform the concentration of economic and social power in the hands of the elite. Upon independence, political power was handed over to the local elite, the majority of whom were African-Caribbean men.

Early Caribbean post-independence economic and trade policies, while stimulating growth in some sectors, did not significantly shift the main features of economic dependence. Nor did they result in positive outcomes for the majority of men and women in the region.

For example, the EU liberalisation of the sugar and banana markets has resulted in male and female workers being robbed of livelihoods. Dominica's 2008/2009 poverty assessment revealed that the number of banana farmers fell from 6,000 to 1,000 in five years, and many were forced into wage labour. The Westminster system of institutions has been able to secure the peaceful transfer of power through elections and the rule of law, and propel changes in social relations.

Compared to the colonial period, there have been noticeable improvements in the quality of life of the majority, eg, higher levels of employment and per capita income; increased access to healthcare and education; increasing life expectancy, declining fertility rates and infant mortality; and expansion of water, electricity and communications.

However, citizenship rights in terms of economic and social well-being have been under assault and contribute to increasing political apathy, alienation and questioning of the meaning of democracy promoted since independence. And the independence project of ensuring an equitable distribution of rights, resources and representation among citizens is a long way to being achieved.

Girvan's statement that "the 'independence'...bequeathed and the democracy...acquired in 1962 were nothing but a monumental face card," does not speak to the persistent gender inequality that has characterised Caribbean democracies since independence. Indeed, as Linden Lewis has observed, the struggle for gender equality is "not generally part of the consciousness of [Caribbean] men in the vanguard of social change."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This is the second in a series of commentaries on what 50 years of independence has meant for women's rights and gender equality in Trinidad and Tobago. This week, I focus on women's struggles in the pre-independence period. The Caribbean colonies were an important cog in the wheel of the British imperial project of wealth creation.

# data[].attributes.body
With the advancements towards gender equality in the Caribbean , some inequality still remains. This can be deemed as an on-going problem as many newspapers in the Caribbean have published articles recently on the issue, for example, The Trinidad Guardian and The Jamaican observer just to name two.

One line which grabbed my attention from the article published by the Jamaican Observer written by Nadine Wilson is, “Gender inequality remains deeply entrenched in every society. Women lack access to decent work and face occupational segregation and gender wage gaps. They are too often denied access to basic education and health care,“

This line was able to encapsulate two of the main issues which women in the Caribbean still face today. occupational segregation, where tasks are distributed based on gender, for example men given positions of power, while women are given jobs such as secretary or assistant  and the second issue, gender wage gaps, were men are paid more than women for the same job or task.
Article Citation:
Wilson, Nadine. "Gender Inequality Still A major Problem." The Jamaican Observer ,  2011.

# data[].attributes.headline
Gender In The Caribbean In Recent Times ( Movements towards equality)

# data[].attributes.subject
Gender In The Caribbean In Recent Times ( Movements towards equality)

# data[].attributes.body
Since, the times of slavery, it is safe to say, we as one Caribbean people, have moved forward from the days where patriarchy, has rained supreme.

At, present women in the Caribbean have broken the glass ceiling :an intangible barrier within a hierarchy that prevents women or minorities from obtaining upper-level positions. (Meriam Webster Dictionary.) This advancement, therefore seeks to shatter the archaic stereotype, where women are seen as inferior to men.

An example of a woman breaking the glass ceiling and moving towards gender equality, is Mrs. KamlaPersad-Bissesar, who was the first female Prime Minister in Trinidad and Tobago, another woman whom should be highly recognized, Miss. Portia Simpson Miller, who was also the first female prime minister in her country of Jamaica.

In continuing other than, these two women, most women in the Caribbean are no longer held back from achieving their goals, due to these advancements. Women all over the region are beginning to hold high positions in company as well as are able to excel in their studies, as can be seen in the dominance of female intelligence at both the CAPE and CSEC level, especially in Trinidad and Tobago, not to mention the increased amounts of female graduates at the tertiary level.

Video Citation :
Persad-Bissesar, Kamla. "Kamla Persad Bissessar Five Years of Leadership in Trinidad & Tobago"  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOywDJSLWaI , 2015.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.entities[].name
Kamla Persad-Bissessar Trinidad & Tobago Elections 2015

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Kamla Persad Bissessar Five Years of Leadership in Trinidad & Tobago

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Under the Leadership of Prime Minister Kamla Persad Bissessar -- The People's Partnership Government has transformed Trinidad & Tobago in Five Short Years. Our twin island, multi-cultural democracy has the highest per capita GDP in the Caribbean and Latin America; the Lowest Unemployment Rate in the Western Hemisphere; Free Education from Nursery School through University; and is ranked on the World Happiness Index as the Happiest Country in the Caribbean.

# data[].attributes.headline
History of Gender Inequality in The Caribbean

# data[].attributes.subject
History of Gender Inequality in The Caribbean

# data[].attributes.body
Gender inequality as mentioned above, was present in the Caribbean society.

When looking at this inequality, which started way back, in the times of the Caribbean Neo-Indians, where the men were usually leaders and breadwinners, and women were used for reproduction purposes as, well as for domestic purposes such as  chores like cooking and cleaning and raising children.

This male supremacy was also seen during slavery, where the white managers had total control over the plantation’s management with no input or help from the women, this is so as their opinion was deemed as inferior, since they were women. This was greatly described in chapter five of Beyond Massa written by Dr. Campbell.

Also alluding to gender inequality was the treatment of  the enslaved themselves, where women were mainly used for their reproductive purposes. This inferiority to men can also be seen where, after some time even the enslaved men were allowed to climb the ladder of power, to positions of more stature, while women were not allowed to do so. This too can be seen in Beyond Massa.

# data[].attributes.body
Firstly, gender refers to the state of being male or female. (typically used with reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones): ‘traditional concepts of gender’. (Oxford

Whereas gender inequality, according to what I learnt in the FOUN 1101 course, refers to the unequal treatment of an individual or individuals based on their gender (male and female).

This gender inequality, was prevalent in society since times dated way back to the 1800s, all around the world.

Besides society in general, this gender inequality was also seen ever prominent on the sugar plantations during slavery as well as the Caribbean in general.