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Family life consisted ideally of a breadwinner, a spouse, andchildren.. Previously, women had always worked in agriculture. Now with the industrial revolution the possibilty of a wife who stayed home became the ideal for the working classes, although it was often far from reality. . |  6)Breadwinners
occupation a breadwinner had, the greatest fear of a working class family was that some illness or injury would befall him. Death and industrial accidents were much more common during this period than today, and there was no government assistance or public insurance to help families.
Joseph Voisin, a French carpenter at the turn of the century on the economic importance of older children:"The children began to grow up. The house prospered--we then had a small business selling food and drinks. The mother and daughters took care of that. In 1907, my two sons began to work with me . . . From this time on, we emerged little by little from our former poverty.
each family typically had several children, and often they died in infancy or early childhood. However, infant mortality rates declined over the course of the century and birthrates declined as well.the children were expected to contribute to the family's economic well being by working to help support the family at a young age. Many began work by 10 or 12 years of age.all children whose families were engaged in cottage industry were expected to contribute.At the beginning of the nineteenth century most male children stayed in the same occupations their fathers were in, but even in the later part of the century, the family decided what trade would be best for a young man. Female children usually did not envision work as part of their future and fell into whatever was available as circumstances demanded.

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History >> Industrial Revolution

Read more at: http://www.ducksters.com/history/us_1800s/child_labor_industrial_revolution.php
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enjoy this transportation video!

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What were the working conditions in the industrial revolution? Adam!

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What were the working conditions in the industrial revolution? Adam!

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Simply, the working conditions were terrible during the Industrial Revolution. As factories were being built, businesses were in need of workers. With a long line of people willing to work, employers could set wages as low as they wanted because people were willing to do work as long as they got paid.

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Environmental Health in the Preindustrial World

Human health-and human disease-have always been intimately connected to the environment. The environment contains the positive, in the form of air, water, and nutrients, and the negative, in the form of bacteria, viruses, and toxins. Humans have developed elaborate defense systems to protect against adverse environmental effects. These include immune systems that attack bacteria and other foreign bodies, DNA repair enzymes that defend the integrity of genetic structure, and metabolizing enzymes that degrade ingested compounds and prepare them for excretion. When these systems become overwhelmed or operate inefficiently, disease and death can occur.

The awareness that the environment influences disease dates back at least to the time of Hippocrates. The first proven case of an illness linked to an environmental cause did not occur, however, until 1854 in London when physician John Snow showed that water pollution was responsible for a local outbreak of cholera. His proof was simple: after disabling the use of a contaminated well by removing its pump handle, a subsequent reduction in new cholera cases was noted.

The bacterial contamination of water polluted by human or animal wastes was probably the most common environmental problem of the preindustrial world. Its control in the twentieth century represents one of the greatest triumphs of public health. The chlorination of public drinking water to prevent waterborne diseases began in the early 1900s in the United States and is responsible for the virtual elimination of cholera, typhoid, dysentery, and hepatitis A in this country.

Environmental Health in the Postindustrial World

Pollution itself, particularly from human activities, is not a modern phenomenon. The preindustrialized world certainly offered many opportunities for a polluted existence. Wood fires, the close proximity of livestock, and mining and smelting operations all would have presented conditions for polluting either the air or water, or both. Following the Industrial Revolution, however, the combined concentrations of people and industrialized processes conspired to create pockets of intensely polluted environments. For instance, the air surrounding Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and other steel mill towns was laden with particulates, and pulp and paper mills would release the stench of sulphurous gases into the air and discharge dioxin-contaminated effluents into the water. Such activities, though, brought with them jobs and the financial incentive for communities to ignore the noxious conditions under which some were forced to live. This level of tolerance did not last, however. In the post-World War II world, several incidents around the world began to focus attention on the consequences of polluting the natural environment.

One of these incidents occurred in 1948 in the steel mill town of Donora, Pennsylvania. A pollutant-induced smog was found to be responsible for twenty-one deaths, providing clear proof that the effects of air pollution were not limited to aesthetics. Later, in 1952, London, England, also experienced a "killer smog" blamed for the deaths of 4,000 people. Governments began to act to protect the air from industrial and automobile pollution.

What these examples had in common was that the connection between a pollutant and a health outcome was fairly unambiguous. Severe illness and death were the end points examined and both would occur fairly soon after exposure to a highly polluted situation. This lack of ambiguity was vital in fueling the determination to reduce pollutant levels, regardless of the economic costs to some industries. The pollution control measures enacted led to improvements in environmental quality. But were they enough?

In 1962 Rachel Carson published Silent Spring, alerting the world to the unintended consequences of chemical pesticide use. Her concern was the rampant use, and often overuse, of insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides in the post-World War II world. Not confined to agricultural fields, these products leached into ground water, rivers, lakes, and the food supply. Her book brought to the political arena the concept that synthetic chemicals could be responsible for cancer and other diseases. Her warnings proved prescient. The chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as the insecticide DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) [1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis( p -chlorophenyl)ethane] and its metabolite DDE (dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene) [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis( p -chlorophenyl)ethylene], were discovered to not only persist in the environment but to concentrate at greater than ambient levels as they moved up the food chain. Many of these compounds, DDT and DDE included, have the ability to interfere with normal hormone levels in the body, leading to the disruption of endocrine systems. DDT was found to cause thinning of eggshells and a subsequent drop in the population of large birds of prey such as the eagle. This information led to the banning of DDT in the United States in the 1970s. Although DDT was outlawed based on evidence that it was a reproductive toxin in some wildlife species, evidence now exists that it is also a human reproductive toxin. Recent analysis of serum taken from pregnant mothers enrolled in the U.S. Collaborative Perinatal Project during the 1960s revealed that women exposed to DDE were more likely to give birth prematurely, and to babies who were unusually small. Both of these events can adversely affect the infant's long-term health.

Difficulties in Determining Environmental Health Effects at Low Exposure Levels

Pollution levels in most of the industrialized world are now relatively low. Lowering these levels further will be more expensive and, in the absence of convincing public health need, it will be more difficult to create the public will for additional reductions. At the same time, the health consequences of low levels of pollutants are undeniably more difficult to determine. This difficulty arises from two facts. The first is that people differ, often significantly, in their response to environmental toxicants. As mentioned earlier, organisms have evolved a complex environmental response machinery to protect against foreign compounds or xenobiotics. Such machinery includes DNA repair enzymes and metabolizing enzymes in the liver and other organs. Except in a few rare cases, everyone has the genes coding for these enzymes. But there is tremendous variability in these genes and some variants are more effective than others. Thus, some people are more sensitive to specific environmental toxicants and some people less so. Even under the same exposure conditions, there can be wide variation in how people's bodies react to environmental agents. This variability in the general population

can often mask very real effects that occur in a sensitive segment of the population.

The second difficulty is that age and the timing of exposures can greatly influence both sensitivity to an environmental agent and the type of health effect it will cause. Infants and children can be particularly vulnerable and can sustain lifelong damage at exposures that have no impact in adults. As an example, the metal lead is a known neurotoxicant . At high exposures of lead (80 μg/dL or higher in the bloodstream), encephalopathy, epilepsy, mental retardation, and blindness are the probable outcomes. Thus fifty years ago a level of 60 μg/dL of lead would be acceptable because immediate neurological symptoms did not occur in adults at these levels.

The "concern" threshold has been steadily dropping, however, because of new information about subtle health effects of lead, as well as the greater vulnerability of children to lead exposures. Now banned from use in products such as household paint and automotive gasoline, the "concern" threshold for lead is currently 10 μg/dL of lead in the bloodstream of children. This level was determined based on research findings that even low lead exposures can cause unexpected problems for children. There is now evidence that every 10 μg/dL of lead in the bloodstream of children is associated with a two- to three-point IQ deficit. Although these decrements are low, they translate into later problems in school, particularly decreased attention spans, increased aggression as juveniles, and failure to graduate from high school. Thus,

regulatory standards based on studies in adults can potentially fail to protect children and other sensitive groups.

Childhood is not the only vulnerable life stage. Puberty could represent another sensitive time point. Exposure to hormonally active agents (HAA) such as DDT, polycholorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, and certain classes of plasticizers, could adversely affect hormonally sensitive tissue, such as breast tissue. For example, women exposed to these compounds might be at greater risk of breast cancer, particularly if their exposures occur around puberty. The critical exposures could occur much earlier than clinical manifestations of disease, though, making it difficult to establish an association between the exposure and breast cancer. Additionally, the aging body might be less able to hold up against a lifetime of low-level, but persistent, environmental assaults and could begin to experience neurodegeneration , cancers, or heart disease as a consequence.

Environmental Health in the Twenty-first Century

Most diseases arise from the interaction of several events: an individual's inherited genetic susceptibility, his or her subsequent environmental exposures, and modifying factors such as behavior, age, and the time of exposure. The health consequences of low-level environmental exposures are more likely to be discovered when studies are designed to accommodate this greater complexity of knowledge. The payoff of such knowledge is potentially tremendous because the environment has been shown to play a role in so many chronic diseases. Recent twin studies in Scandinavia show that non-genetic influences, presumably environmental, account for more than 50 percent of cancer risk. For Parkinson's disease, environmental triggers might account for the greater number of late-onset diagnoses. And for auto-immune diseases, the concordance among identical twins usually falls in the 25- to 40-percent range, suggesting that environmental influences have a major impact on either the initiation or progression of these diseases. Thus, accurate and realistic assessments of environmental contributions to diseases are critical.

Fortunately, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), through its Human Genome Project [see sidebar], is providing the tools necessary for a more thorough investigation of gene-environment interactions in disease development. This project has identified the nucleotide sequences of human genes, including environmental response genes. Additionally, it has led to the development of new assaying techniques that can assess the activity (or expression) of hundreds of genes simultaneously. These events create the opportunity to systematically catalogue the genetic variation of environmental response genes and to determine the biological consequence of these variations. This information, generated by the United States Environmental Genome Project (funded by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and found on their web site http://niehs.nih.gov ), can subsequently be used in population studies to determine the health effects of environmental pollutants at relatively low exposure levels.

Human understanding of environmental disease risks is constantly evolving. New understanding, particularly of how individuals differ in response to environmental agents, will reveal new public health strategies. Even current successes, such as the chlorination of water supplies mentioned earlier, are being reassessed. It is now known that organic compounds in water can react with chlorination to produce halogenated organic compounds that are suspected bladder carcinogens. Though the cancers potentially caused by these disinfection by-products are much less frequent than the deaths that would occur without disinfection, they are nonetheless troubling. New technologies such as chloramination and ozonation are increasingly being substituted for chlorination and may lead to even better public benefit from water disinfection.

Environmental regulation and pollution control will remain an important cornerstone of public health policy in the twenty-first century. Because the focus is on prevention, rather than disease treatment, pollution control is a highly cost-effective means of ensuring public health. The cost-effectiveness can only be realized, however, when it is based on an accurate determination of the real human health consequences of environmental exposures. This information is well worth generating, given the broad array of environmentally associated diseases. These include cancer, infertility, autoimmune diseases, birth defects, heart disease, and neurodegeneration. In addition to regulatory policy, pollution control can also affect social policy. In the United States there is a measurable disparity in the health status of poor populations compared to their affluent counterparts. Given that the poor more often live in contaminated environments and work in hazardous occupations, improved pollution control might well lead to a reduction in such current health disparities. It is only when the health of all citizens is protected that a nation can realize its full potential.

Bibliography

Carson, Rachel. (1962). Silent Spring. New York: Houghton Mifflin.

Goyer, R.A. (1996). "Toxic Effects of Metals." In Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th edition, edited by C.D. Klassen. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 691-736.

Lichtenstein P., et al. (2000). "Environmental and Heritable Factors in the Causation of Cancer." In New England Journal of Medicine 343:78-85.

Longnecker, M.P.; Klebanoff, M.A.; Zhou, H.; and Brock, J.W. (2001). "Association between Maternal Serum Concentration of the DDT Metabolite DDE and Preterm and Small-for-Gestational-Age Babies at Birth." Lancet 358:110-114.

Needleman, H.L., and Gatsonis, C.A. (1990). "Low-level Lead Exposure and the IQ of Children." Journal of the American Medical Association 263:673-678.

Needleman, H.L.; Riess, J.A.; Tobin, M.J.; Biesecker, G.E.; and Greenhouse, J.B. (1996). "Bone Lead Levels and Delinquent Behavior." Journal of the American Medical Association 275:363-369.

Powell J.J.; Van de Water, J.; and Gershwin M.E. (1999). "Evidence for the Role of Environmental Agents in the Initiation or Progression of Autoimmune Conditions." Environmental Health Perspectives 107, suppl. 5:667-672.

Tanner C.M., et al. (1999). "Parkinson Disease in Twins: An Etiologic Study." Journal of the American Medical Association 281:341-346.

Kenneth Olden and Janet Guthrie

Diarrheal diseases (caused by unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene) and acute respiratory infections associated with indoor air pollution caused by burning wood, peat and other biomass fuels killed at least three million children under age five in the year 2000. The World Health Organization says that 40 percent of global disease caused by environmental factors falls on children.

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international research effort to sequence and map all of the genes-together known as the genome-of humans. Many of these genes are environmental response genes and are being further investigated under the Environmental Genome Project for their role in environmentally associated diseases. Contributors to the HGP include the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), numerous universities throughout the United States, and international partners in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, and China.

The HGP also includes efforts to characterize and sequence the entire genomes of several other organisms, many of which are used extensively in biological research. These organisms include mice, fruit flies, and roundworms. Identification of the sequence or function of genes in model organisms is an important approach to finding and understanding the function of human genes.

Information on the HGP can be found on the website of the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) at http://www.nhgri.nih.gov .

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Human health-and human disease-have always been intimately connected to the environment. The environment contains the positive, in the form of air, water, and nutrients, and the negative, in the form of bacteria, viruses, and toxins. Humans have developed elaborate defense systems to protect against adverse environmental effects.

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Transportation enjoy the video.

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Children Who Built Victorian Britain Part

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This is my history project on the industrial revolution

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Children Who Built Victorian Britain Part

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Factory Life in Britain during the industrial revolution 1750-1900

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History File presents the various elements of life in factories during the Industrial Revolution.

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We recently worked with a high school history teacher who wanted to make the Industrial Revolution come alive for her students. During our initial discussions ...

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Only since the Industrial Revolution have most people worked in places away from their homes or been left to raise small children without the help of multiple adults, making for an unsupported life.

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The Children Who Built Victorian Britain Part 1

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This is a video of what work was like during the Industrial Revolution

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Working Conditions for Women and Children during the Industrial Revolution

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yep quotesgram again

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Animals From Pollution Quotes. QuotesGram

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Discover and share Animals From Pollution Quotes. Explore our collection of motivational and famous quotes by authors you know and love.

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Visit this website and you will find the inpirational words of sir bob marley

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Discover and share Pollution Quotes. Explore our collection of motivational and famous quotes by authors you know and love.

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The Environmental Impact of the Industrial Revolution

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Final Projects 20th Century Technology - Muther Asa- Violence Equality for Women-Aberg International Sports-Thomas Human RIghts Dave Migration in the Twentieth Century by Derick Buffum Modern Religions Sports in the 20th Century- k.burke Women, ethnic, class-consciousness Other 20th Century Latin America China 1900 to 1989 B8 China 1900 to 89

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The industrial revolution in the new century is, in essence, a scientific and technological revolution, and breaking through the cutting edge is a shortcut to the building of an economic giant.

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Organized labor Historical Context: - ppt download

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Collective bargaining, Thesis: Labor unions overcame resistance from powerful industrial owners to achieve the legal right to Collective bargaining, only after many years of hardship and struggle.

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https://taapworld.wikispaces.com/The+Environmental+Impact+of+the+Industrial+Revolution

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This video is about the Industrial Revolution Transportation

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Children Who Built Victorian Britain Part

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This video is about the transport changes during the Industrial Revolution in Britain, from slow roads to fast trains that we have today.

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Best hiking trails in United Kingdom. Find walking maps and guidebooks, self guided walking holidays and hiking tours.

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A child sweeps inside a moving machine in a cotton mill.
Low wages: a typical wage for male workers was about 15 shillings(75p) a week, but women and children were paid much less, with women earning seven shillings (35p) and children three shillings (15p).

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Thomas telfor built roads and canals in the 1700s and George Stephenson and Isambard Kingdom Brunel oversaw the 'Railway Mania' of the 1800s. There had previously been no very fast way of transporting goods and people around the country. However, canals did already exist and so most materials were transported by boat to towns and cities which had to be located on canal routes

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Working today is usually quite safe. The government has made laws saying that employers have to look after the workforce and provide safety equipmentand other things for them. At the start of the Industrial Revolution none of these laws existed and so working in a factory could prove to be very dangerous indeed. This section looks at some of the conditions faced by workers and offers a brief explanation of what was done to improve these conditions.

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Transport Sarah  Previously, people traveled using animals or by foot, but there were many problems with the conditions of the roads. In 1751, turnpikes were created for easier transportation, especially for the horse-drawn wagons. 

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Transport Sarah  Previously, people traveled using animals or by foot, but there were many problems with the conditions of the roads. In 1751, turnpikes were created for easier transportation, especially for the horse-drawn wagons. 

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There were three main types of transportation that increased during the Industrial Revolution: waterways, roads, and railroads.

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Today, the leading cause of air pollution in the U.S. is motor vehicles, which were first mass-produced in the U.S. by Henry Ford in the early 20th century. Auto emissions also increase the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which in turn contribute to global warming.

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The Industrial Revolution began in the late 18th century when a series of new inventions such as the spinning jenny and steam engine transformed manufacturing in Britain. The changes in British manufacturing spread across Europe and America, replacing traditional rural lifestyles as people migrated to cities in search of work. Men, women and children worked in the new factories operating machines that spun and wove cloth, or made pottery, paper and glass.

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This picture is of young children working in a factory

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Working life Adam and Victoria.    Low wages: a typical wage for male workers was about 15 shillings (75p) a week, but women and children were paid much less, with women earning seven shillings (35p) and children three shillings (15p). For this reason, employers preferred to employ women and children. Many men were sacked when they reached adulthood; then they had to be supported by their wives and children.

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Working life Adam and Victoria.    Low wages: a typical wage for male workers was about 15 shillings (75p) a week, but women and children were paid much less, with women earning seven shillings (35p) and children three shillings (15p). For this reason, employers preferred to employ women and children. Many men were sacked when they reached adulthood; then they had to be supported by their wives and children.

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Factory conditions allowed factory owners to exploit their workers. Men, women and children were employed. Women and children were particularly favoured as they could be paid a minimum amount.

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Robert Fulton made the first steam-powered engine to power a steamboat, and in 1807 he demonstrated its use by going from New York City to Albany via the Hudson River. His steamboat was able to carry raw materials across the Atlantic Ocean by the mid 1800's.

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The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1700′s, and spread to the rest of the world, beginning with the United States. The use of machinery and factories led to mass production, which in turn led to the development of numerous environmental hazards. The effects on the environment would only be seen clearly years later.

The use of factories and mass production has led to a depletion of certain natural resources, leaving the environment permanently damaged. One example of this depletion is deforestation, which is the clearing of forest trees for use in production. When the trees are cleared, the wildlife in the forest also becomes uprooted.

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Pollution Jamil and Archie                            By the late 18th century and first part of the 19th century, coal came into large-scale use during the Industrial Revolution. The resulting smog and soot had serious health impacts on the residents of growing urban centers.

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Pollution Jamil and Archie                            By the late 18th century and first part of the 19th century, coal came into large-scale use during the Industrial Revolution. The resulting smog and soot had serious health impacts on the residents of growing urban centers.

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Employment structures can also change over time within the same country.

Employment structures can also change over time within the same country. Many people worked on the land, and made their livirevolution, more people were needed to build ships, work in steel making and with textiles.

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The first railway was the Stockton and Darlington Railway (1825). George Stephenson built the Rocket (1829). Significant engineering achievements included the London Underground (1863) and the Forth Bridge (1890).

There was a 'Railway Mania' in the 1840s. £3 billion was spent building the railways between 1845 and 1900.

In 1870, 423 million passengers travelled on 16,000 miles of line.

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Before the Industrial Revolution, transportation in Britain was rudimentary (very basic). Roads were poorly built and maintained. Goods were transported on river barges but this was a slow and costly exercise. The railway network was nonexistent, limited to wooden tracks and carriages pulled by horses.

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There were three main types of transportation that increased during the Industrial Revolution: waterways, roads, and railroads. Transportation was important because people were starting to live in the West.

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Richard Arkwright is the person credited with being the brains behind the growth of factories. After he patented his spinning frame in 1769, he created the first true factory at Cromford, near Derby.

This act was to change Great Britain. Before very long, this factory employed over 300 people. Nothing had ever been seen like this before. The domestic system only needed two to three people working in their own home. By 1789, the Cromford mill employed 800 people. With the exception of a few engineers in the factory, the bulk of the work force were essentially unskilled. They had their own job to do over a set number of hours. Whereas those in the domestic system could work their own hours and enjoyed a degree of flexibility, those in the factories were governed by a clock and factory rules.

Edmund Cartwright's power loom ended the life style of skilled weavers. In the 1790's, weavers were well paid. Within 30 years many had become labourers in factories as their skill had now been taken over by machines. In 1813, there were only 2,400 power looms in Britain. by 1850, there were 250,000.

Factories were run for profit. Any form of machine safety guard cost money. As a result there were no safety guards. Safety clothing was non-existant. Workers wore their normal day-to-day clothes. In this era, clothes were frequently loose and an obvious danger.

Children were employed for four simple reasons :

there were plenty of them in orphanages and they could be replaced easily if accidents did occur they were much cheaper than adults as a factory owner did not have to pay them as much they were small enough to crawl under machinery to tie up broken threads they were young enough to be bullied by 'strappers' - adults would not have stood for this

Some factory owners were better than others when it came to looking after their work force. Arkwright was one of these. He had some harsh factory rules (such as workers being fined for whistling at work or looking out of the window) but he also built homes for his work force, churches and expected his child workers to receive a basic amount of education. Other owners were not so charitable as they believed that the workers at their factories should be grateful for having a job and the comforts built by the likes of Arkwright did not extend elsewhere.

At the time when the Industrial Revolution was at its height, very few laws had been passed by Parliament to protect the workers. As many factory owners were Members of Parliament or knew MP's, this was likely to be the case. Factory inspectors were easily bribed as they were so poorly paid. Also there were so few of them, that covering all of Britain's factories would have been impossible.

Factories rarely kept any records of the ages of children and adults who worked for them. As employment in cities could be difficult to get, many people did lie about their age - and how could the owner know any better ? Under this system, children in particular suffered.

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Factories in the Industrial Revolution - History Learning Site

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Richard Arkwright is the person credited with being the brains behind the growth of factories. After he patented his spinning frame in 1769, he created the first true factory at Cromford, near Derby. This act was to change Great Britain. Before very long, this factory employed over 300 people.

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. In 1751, turnpikes were created for easier transportation, especially for the horse-drawn wagons. John Loudon McAdam made "macadam" road surfaces which consisted of crushed rock in thin layers

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Before the Revolution most people lived in small villages, working either in agriculture or as skilled craftsmen.The new enclosure laws—which required that all grazing grounds be fenced in at the owner's expense—had left many poor farmers bankrupt and unemployed.

each family typically had several children, and often they died in infancy or early childhood. However, infant mortality rates declined over the course of the century and birthrates declined as well.Life for Women and Children during the Industrial Revolution was quite different to the way they can live today. This page looks at some of the things that women and children were expected to do during the industrial revolution and provides source material to show what people thought of this at the time.

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Here's one example to help you get started

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Shortly before his death in 1883, the historian Arnold Toynbee suggested that in the years after 1750 there was both an agricultural and an industrial 'revolution'. Many historians now challenge this idea. They put the turning point much earlier and suggest that change was much more gradual than Toynbee said.

Nevertheless, it is impossible to deny that the years after 1750 were a time of great achievement:

Agriculture - Charles 'Turnip' Townshend introduced the Norfolk four-course rotation of wheat‒turnips‒barley‒clover to his farm and used selective breeding to develop the New Leicester sheep. Arthur Young promoted new methods to a wider audience.

- Mill at Cromford heralded 'the Factory Age' of the textile industry, production of iron increased 30-fold and production of coal increased 20-fold. Newcomen and Watt contributed to the development of steam power to drive machinery more efficiently.

Transport and communications - Thomas Telford built roads and canals in the 1700s and George Stephenson and Isambard Kingdom Brunel oversaw the 'Railway Mania' of the 1800s. There had previously been no very fast way of transporting goods and people around the country. However, canals did already exist and so most materials were transported by boat to towns and cities which had to be located on canal routes.

There were also many scientific discoveries and technological inventions that changed society and industry.

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BBC Bitesize - KS3 History - The Industrial Revolution - Revision 1

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Shortly before his death in 1883, the historian Arnold Toynbee suggested that in the years after 1750 there was both an agricultural and an industrial 'revolution'. Many historians now challenge this idea. They put the turning point much earlier and suggest that change was much more gradual than Toynbee said.