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JOHN C. FREMONT
an explorer, soldier, and politician known as "the Great Pathfinder." In 1846, he assisted in the annexation of California by capturing insurgents, seizing the city of Sonoma, and declaring the independence of the "Bear Flag Republic." In 1856, ______ became the first presidential candidate for the Republican party.

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COMMODORE MATTHEW PERRY
served in the Mexican-American war

Japan(we never learned about japan)-
Played leading role Represents Manifest Destiny, Forced Japan to trade with the United States.

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ZACHARY TAYLOR
-Whig president from 1848-1850 until he died, causing VP Millard Fillmore to become president
-General that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th president of the United States. Sent by president Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but defeated.

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HARRIET TUBMAN
underground railroad, helped bring 300 slaves to North

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SUMNER-BROOKS DUEL
• In 1856 Senator Charles Sumner made an abolitionist speech insulting SC Senator Andrew Butler
• Preston Brooks, Butler's nephew and Congressman from SC, heard Sumner's speech and on the Senate floor beat him into a coma with his cane
• The beating helped to escalate tensions between north and south

Caning of Sumner!! (political cartoon)

South Carolina vs. Massachusetts-

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GOLD RUSH
Gold discovered in 1848, people moved to get gold in 1849.

results-
Violence between Americans and immigrants (Chinese mostly, latino & mexican, european) San Fransisco was the only lasting city, the rest became ghost towns.

other than gold- the real money to be made was in feeding, clothing, housing, provisioning, and entertaining the miners that came temporarily. people also became saloon keepers, gamblers, prostitutes, merchants, and restaurateurs.

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LABOR FORCE IN SOUTH
trends- Independent Farmers owned the majority of slaves and used them to increase their social status.

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OSTEND MANIFESTO
a document proposed by the Pierce administration (Pierre Soule-minister to Spain, John Mason- minister to France, and James Buchanan- minister to England) to try to force the unwilling Spanish to sell Cuba for $130
million. They met in Ostend, Belgium and composed a series of threats and "cajolements" to try and scare the Spanish into giving them Cuba. Was supposed to be a secret but word got out and the embarrassment caused them to take the document back

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1850 FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW
provisions- stories like that of Solomon Northup (Twelve Years a Slave), who was a free man captured by slave catchers and thrown into slavery, caused several northern states to declare that they were not going to cooperate with recapture efforts. Southerners were enraged and claimed that the Northerners were illegally infringing on their property rights by not allowing them to retrieve what belongs to them. Northerners were upset at the denial of legal and personal rights to escaped slaves.

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WILMOT PROVISO
The Wilmot Proviso was designed to eliminate slavery within the land acquired as a result of the Mexican War (1846-48).

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JOHN BROWN
harpers ferry- wanted to start a general slave uprising and wanted to raid the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry to arm the slaves

harpers ferry was a failure b/c he did not plan a route for escape and did not notify the slaves in Virginia whose uprising it was supposed to initiate. Brown was hanged on counts of treason, murder, and fomenting insurrection.

Brown's raid aroused the fear of slave rebellion in the South

"The Harpers Ferry invasion has advanced the cause of disunion more than any other event that has happened since the formation of the government."----talk of secession became common talk throughout the South

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political party that emerged from the uncompromising Liberty Party in the pre-Civil War period of American history that opposed the extension of slavery into the western territories, but tolerated the continuation of slavery in the states that already allowed it. Fearful of expanding slave power within the national government, Representative David Wilmot of Pennsylvania in 1846 introduced into Congress his famous Wilmot Proviso, calling for the prohibition of slavery in the vast southwestern lands that had been newly acquired from Mexico. The Wilmot concept, which failed in Congress, was a direct ideological antecedent to the Free-Soil Party.

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ELECTION OF 1860
campaigning- Douglas campaigned in both the North and the South. Lincoln did not campaign for himself but other Republicans did for him. Republicans did not campaign in the South. Breckinridge did not campaign in the North. All parties campaigned with oratory, parades and rallies, and free food and drink.

candidates- Republican: Abraham Lincoln. Democrats: Stephen Douglas and John C. Breckinridge. Constitutional Union Party (former Whigs): John Bell

results- Lincoln won the election, winning all of the free states and 54% of the vote in northern states, failing to even appear on the ballot of 10 southern states. Southerners were shocked by the election and believed that they were becoming a permanent minority in a predominately antislavery political system. The only way to preserve their life style was to leave the union, starting with South Carolina, soon followed by six other states

political platforms and beliefs-
On slavery, Breckinridge supported its spread into territories, Bell vaguely did also, Douglas tried to maintain his reputation of supporting popular sovereignty by keeping a middle ground on the subject, and Lincoln strongly opposed it.
Republicans tried to appeal to Northern voters by supporting a homestead act (free western lands), a transcontinental railroad, internal improvements, and a higher tariff.
Even though they opposed slavery's expansion, Republicans did not want the image of being radical abolitionists and did not believe in the equality of black people

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GADSDEN PURCHASE OF 1853
The contiguous borders of the United States as they still exist in the twenty-first century were solidified by the Gadsden Purchase of 1853. Region in southern Arizona and New Mexico which the US bought from Mexico for 10 million dollars. The purchase was made under president Franklin Pierce because the area was regarded as essential for a railroad route between the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific coast.

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TREATY OF GUADALUPE-HIDALGO
treaty that ended the Mexican- American war in which Mexico ceded California, New Mexico Territory, and Utah Territory and they also accepted the Rio Grande as the Texas boundary. US payed Mexico $15 million

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MEXICAN AMERICAN WAR
(1846-1848) Conflict after US annexation of Texas; conflict at the Rio Grande border because Mexico still considered Texas its own; President Polk sent Slidell to try and buy the border, New Mexico, and California, but the Mexican government refused to even hear Slidell out, angering Polk and causing him to march into the Rio Grande area and start fighting; Polk lied to Congress saying that the Mexicans came into their territory first and declared war by shedding American blood, starting the concern of the way presidents exercise their war powers; Victor: US; granted all land from Texas to California (minus the Gadsden Purchase) in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

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LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES
-debated on slavery in Illinois
-Occurred due to competition over role as US senator from Illinois
-Abraham Lincoln lost the senator role to Stephen A. Douglas, but he gained immense national popularity through these debates, which aided him in becoming POTUS in 1860.

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54-40 (54° 40’) OR FIGHT
-Border issue on North-West coast with US and Britain.
-Lots of people wanted Oregon's boundary to be at 54 degrees, 40 minutes (about the southern boundary of today's Alaska) and were willing to fight Britain for it.
-Not actually a campaign slogan in 1844, but often misinterpreted as one. James Polk got elected that year on this ideal, but eventually ended up settling on the 49th parallel-- without fighting. This border is still used today.

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TEXAS REVOLUTION OF 1835-36
Moses Austin was granted 1800 square miles of land to help strengthen Mexico's buffer zone between the heart of Mexico and the marauding Indians that constantly raided them. Tejanos (small Spanish farmers), Comanches (the Indians), and the empresarios (American lang agents) lived peacefully in their own little parts of Texas but the balance was disrupted when centrists gained control of the Mexican government in Mexico city, outlawing slavery, restricting American immigration, levying customs duties and taxes, and planning other measures. The Americans were extremely angry since most of them came from the racist and slave holding south. War broke out. The Mexicans won at the Alamo and led another army to Houston, becoming too confident in victory. The Americans attacked when they realized that the Mexicans were resting b/c of their confident beliefs, yelling "Remember the Alamo!". Americans won this time and Santa Anna signed a treaty that established the newly independent Republic of Texas' southern border at the Rio Grande.

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KANSAS NEBRASKA ACT
proposed to open the lands in the northern part of the Indian Territory to American settlers under the principle of popular sovereignty

Stephen Douglas wanted to further the construction of the transcontinental railroad to lead to California. The lands it crossed had to be territories and they had to be approved by Congress. To get approved Douglas needed the votes of southern Democrats, who wanted slavery in these territories. To appeal to the southerners and the northerners who apposed slavery, he said that this problem would be solved by popular sovereignty, satisfying both sides. Possibility of slavery in the territories basically repealed the Missouri Compromise that prohibited slavery above 36° 30'.

caused a split between the Whigs since southern Whigs wanted slavery in the territories while northern Whigs did not, causing them not agreeing on a presidential candidate next election

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MANIFEST DESTINY
what is it?-
first termed by journalist John O’Sullivan in the Democratic Review (Democratic Party paper), argued that Americans had a god-given right to expand democracy, by force if needed. "obvious future", Americans traveled west in hope of economic opportunities

was accompanied by the idea that American prosperity needed increased trade with Asia, which could occur far more easily if America owned the west coast. (Matthew Perry)

sectionalism relation- Democrats supported westward expansion (O'Sullivan was democratic himself) while the Whigs did not. They believed that expansion would raise the issue of the extension of slavery to territories. They welcomed industrialization but within the boundaries the country already possessed. Democrats wanted to counterbalance industrialization with agriculture to avoid additional tragedies like the Panic of 1837.

Native Americans/Black Hawk war- westward expansion brought conflict with Indians, such as the Black Hawk War, as trails disrupted hunting grounds and violated previous treaties

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POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY
Where was it proposed?
Originated in response to the Wilmot Proviso in order to determine whether New Mexico and Utah would become free or slave states.

What does it mean?
White males in states newly admitted to the union would vote on the issue of slavery to determine whether each state would be free or pro-slavery. This tipped the balance in Congress in favor of the North because states out west didn't need and couldn't justify use of slavery.

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COMPROMISE OF 1850
Why proposed?- Wilmot Proviso raised the issue if slavery should be allowed in the new territories.

provisions- a congressional debate ensued b/t John C. Calhoun of the South, Daniel Webster of the North, and Henry Clay of the West on whether territories should be allowed to have slaves or not. Calhoun insisted that  that slave owners had a constitutional right to the protection of his property. His interpretation was the only protection for slave owners. Webster pleaded with abolitionists to compromise with the South so that they could avoid the South's secession. Clay also argued for compromise.

results- California was admitted as a free state, but the status of all of the remaining former Mexican possessions was left up to popular sovereignty when they applied for statehood. Texas was required to cede land to New Mexico Territory in exchange for the government paying off all of its pre-state debts. The slave trade was ended in DC but a stronger fugitive slave law was enacted in all states.
The question of slavery in territories had only been postpones, not resolved.

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TEXAS
delayed annexation- Because of issue of how many free and slave states there were going to be (it would be the 14th slave state with only 13 free states

how admitted- Tyler asked for texas to become a state and got passed because a majority of both houses in congress accepted and it was formally invited to become a state. Mexico angrily charged at americans

how compromise of 1850 affected its admittance-

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WRITTEN PIECES
Uncle Tom's Cabin- contributed to the outbreak of war by personalizing the political and economic arguments about slavery. Stowe's informal, conversational writing style inspired people in a way that political speeches, tracts and newspapers accounts could not. Uncle Tom's Cabin helped many 19th-century Americans determine what kind of country they wanted.

Henry David Thoreau- wrote an essay called Civil Disobedience, justifying an individual's moral duty to oppose an immoral government

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KNOW-NOTHING AMERICAN PARTY
The Know-Nothing (American Party) party was an outgrowth of the strong anti-immigrant and especially anti-Roman Catholic sentiment that started to manifest itself during the 1840s.
when asked about their nativist organizations, were supposed to reply that they knew nothing, hence the name.
As a national political entity, it called for restrictions on immigration, the exclusion of the foreign-born from voting or holding public office in the United States, and for a 21-year residency requirement for citizenship.