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GEOGRAPHY:
Nubia is a region along the Nile river located in what is today northern Sudan and southern Egypt. It was one of the earliest civilizations of ancient Africa, with a history that can be traced from at least 2000 B.C. onward (through Nubian monuments and artifacts, as well as written records from Egypt and Rome), and was home to one of the African empires.

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Writing was developed in that era as a way to communicate and record their economy. Those records are today modern life evidence of the past. The writing system in Kush was generally the same as that of the ancient Egyptians; the common writing systems were hieroglyphic, hieratic, and demotic. Hieroglyphs were used most commonly on walls due to their visually appealing representational nature. They were carefully outlined, carved, and painted with bright colours. Written either horizontally or vertically, the signs are often composed of figures easily recognizable to the human eye such as an eagle, a snake, or some animal.

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Agriculture was and still is the basis of the Nubian economy. The scarcity of cultivable land was an outstanding feature of old Nubia. As a result, men migrated to cities to find work, and women were left to do the agricultural work. Also cow was the first animal domesticated in Africa. The Nubians depended on the rise and fall of the Nile water to irrigate winter crops. Some of the winter subsistence crops included millet, wheat, and barley. Peas and lentils were cash crops sold by the Sudanese Nubians at the Haifa market. Summer crops were the least important to the Nubian economy. Most crops were used for household consumption, and they included a variety of beans, okra, and some greens.

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The Nubian church was a branch of the Coptic Monophysite church centered in Cairo. The Nubians are Sunni Muslims who believe in one God and his Prophet Mohammed, in the angels created by God, in the prophets through whom his revelations were brought to humankind, in the Day of Judgment and individual accountability for their actions.
Fish was a popular and an inexpensive food in the ancient Sudan. Residues of fish were found in different sites. The making of bread, using wheat and barley, is best represented in the archeological remains of ovens in Kerma. Barley was particularly found stored in silos.8 Sorghum, on the other hand, was easily grown in Sudan's Buttana region.
Clothes were mostly made of leather and linen fibers. Loin clothes, kilt, and sandals. Kushite men wore tunics that were tucked under their belts and tied to their fronts in a butterfly tie. Women wore a squire piece of cloth with tassels dangling from its lower edge and also wore heavy ornaments including a headband, a large bracelet, and armlets. The pharaohs wore tight skullcaps as their crowns. Cobras were attached to a golden headband that was worn over the skullcaps.

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By 1750 BC, the kings of Kerma were powerful enough to organize the labor for monumental walls and structures of mud brick. They also had rich tombs with possessions for the afterlife and large human sacrifices. George Reisner excavated sites at Kerma and found large tombs and a palace-like structures. The structures, named (Deffufa), alluded to the early stability in the region.

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African people from what is now the Sahara began to move toward the Nile in Nubia by around 5000 BC. They brought with them the art of making pottery. Originally herdsmen and hunters of large animals, they eventually became fishermen and farmers. These empires were rule by an Emperor or a King and over time, new people moved into the region from the south, so that Nubia’s population was often a diverse mix of African peoples.

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Kushite pharaohs built and restored many temples and monuments throughout the Nile Valley, and the construction of Kushite pyramids became widespread.

The Kushites used reliefsculpture to decorate the walls of palaces and pyramids. The cuts used were deeper and more strategic than Egyptian hieroglyphics. The reliefs mostly depict scenes from African daily life, animals, battle scenes, and kings.
Pottery was an important Kushite craft and consisted mostly of pots and bowls that were shaped from clay and then painted in many different colors. Common decorative motifs included animals and geometric and plant-based patterns. Jewellery was also a common artifact during that period.