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- The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional.
- Stated that separate education facilities violated the 14th Amendment of the US Constitution.
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- Prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin.
- This act also prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, racial segregation in schools and public spaces, and employment discrimination.
- The Civil Rights Act remains as one of the most significant legislative achievements in American history.

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ESEA: Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965

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ESEA: Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965

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- This act provides federal funding to primary and secondary education, including funds for materials, resources, and parental involvement.
- The act aims to shorten the achievement gaps between students by providing funding to support schools with children from impoverished families.
- Emphasizes equal access to education.

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VRA: Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973

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VRA: Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973

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- This is a federal law that approves grants to states for vocational rehabilitation services, supported employment, independent living, and client assistance.
- This also includes a set of rules focused on rights, advocacy, and protections for people with disabilities.
Section 504:
- Forbids organizations and employers from denying people with disabilities an equal opportunity to receive program benefits or services.

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Educational Amendments Act (PL 94-142) of 1975

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Educational Amendments Act (PL 94-142) of 1975

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- Also known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) of 1975.
- This law guarantees free and appropriate public education to all children and young adults aged 3–21.
Six Elements:
1.  Individualized education program (IEP)
2. Free and appropriate public education (FAPE)
3. Least restrictive environment (LRE)
4. Appropriate evaluation
5. Parent and teacher participation
6. Procedural safeguards

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EHA: Education for all Handicapped Children's Act, 1975-1990

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EHA: Education for all Handicapped Children's Act, 1975-1990

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- This act required all schools that accepted federal funds to provide equal access to education and one free meal a day for children with disabilities.
- Schools were also required to evaluate children with disabilities and create an educational plan to allow an educational experience as close as possible to non-disabled students.

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- Amy Rowley was a deaf student, whose school refused to provide a sign language interpreter.
-  Her parents filed a lawsuit saying this violated the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975.
- The courts ruled that public schools are not required to provide sign language interpreters to deaf students who are otherwise receiving an equal and adequate education.

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Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments (PL 99-457) 1986

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Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments (PL 99-457) 1986

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- Public Law 99-457 is the result of amendments by the US Congress, in 1986, to the Education of the Handicapped Act.
- This requires states that offer educational services to disabled toddlers, infants, and their families to receive financial grants.
- These grants are incentives for states to provide for children from birth to age 2 that have disabilities.

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IDEA: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

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IDEA: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

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- IDEA ensures that students with a disability are provided with free and appropriate public education that is tailored to their individual needs.
- Formally known as the Education for all Handicapped Children Act from 1975 to 1990.
- The main goal of IDEA is that children with disabilities should have the same opportunity for education as children without disabilities.

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-  ADA is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability.
- It allows similar protections against discrimination to people with disabilities as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does.
- Unlike the Civil Rights Act, the ADA also requires employers to provide accommodations to employees with disabilities.

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- Rafael Oberti was a student with Down Syndrome. Efforts were made to get Rafael placed in a regular classroom with necessary supports.
- This case stated inclusion with supplementary aids and services as the presumption of it being “a fundamental value of the right to public education for children with disabilities.”
- This case also stated that if placement outside the classroom is necessary, the school district must then include the child in as many school programs with children without disabilities as much as possible.
- This case established a test to determine whether a school district is in compliance with the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).

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IDEIA: Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004

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IDEIA: Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004

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- This is a US law that mandates equity, accountability, and excellence in education for children with disabilities.
- This included changes to the IEP process, due process, and student discipline.
- This requires schools to use research based interventions when assisting students with learning difficulties, or determining eligibility for special education.

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- "This bipartisan measure reauthorizes the 50-year-old Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), the nation’s national education law and longstanding commitment to equal opportunity for all students."
- Advances equity by upholding critical protections for disadvantaged and high-need students.
- Requires that all students in be taught to high academic standards.
- Expands investments in increasing access to high-quality preschool.
- Maintains an expectation that there will be action to effect positive change in our low performing schools, where groups of students are not making progress, and where graduation rates are low over extended periods of time.

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- www.wikipedia.org
- https://link.springer.com
- https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-89/pdf/STATUTE-89-Pg773.pdf
-https://www.advocacyinstitute.org/academy/Dec10IDEA35/Chapter_3_Legal_Aspects_of_Special_Education.pdf
- https://www.ed.gov/essa?src=rn
- https://www.pubintlaw.org/cases-and-projects/oberti-v-board-of-education-of-the-borough-of-clementon/