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SHASHA YUSRINA BT RAHMAN ALI(AM2007007191)

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SHASHA YUSRINA BT RAHMAN ALI(AM2007007191)

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1. Accent is distinguish by pronunciation. For example, American and British accents.

2. Three types of regional variation which is International variation, Cross continental variation and Intra- continental variation.

3. International variation shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently.

4. Cross- continental is used to describe a chain of dialect spoken throughout an area. Dialect chain spreads naturally across a geographical area.

5. Vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.

Caste dialect is a group of people uses different social dialects. For example, in India, the brahmin and non- brahmin.

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Siti Sarah Binti Mohd Nasir (AM2007007048)

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Siti Sarah Binti Mohd Nasir (AM2007007048)

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1. Accent is a distinctive way of pronouncing a language, especially one associated with a particular country, area, or social class. Eg ; American English and British English.

2. There are three types of regional variation which are International variation, Cross-continental Variation and Intra-national/Intra-continental Variation.

International Variation shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronunciation, vocabulary (word choice), and grammatical structure. Eg : The British will use 'trainers' but for American they will use 'sneakers'.

Cross-continental Variation is a term used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. Speakers of a dialect can understand the speakers of other dialects who live adjacent to them, but people who live further away may be difficult or impossible to understand. For example, French language is used in the border town and villages of Italy, Spain and Switzerland.

Intra-national/Intra-continental Variation  deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country - distinguishing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation. For example, Maori words starting with (wh) differ in pronunciation from one place to another.

3. Accent is a regional or social variation in pronunciation while dialect is linguistic varieties which are distinguishable by their vocab, grammar and pronunciation.

4. a. Vocabulary
b. Grammar
c. Pronunciation

5. Caste dialect is a group of of people who use different social dialects. For example, Brahmin and Non-Brahmin people in India.

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IZZAH AZIZAH BT ABDUL KARIM (AM2007007425)

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IZZAH AZIZAH BT ABDUL KARIM (AM2007007425)

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1.- The different choice of words that are used in different parts of the world can be one of the indicators for a listener to guess where you are from.
-As an example,American English accent,Australian English accent and British English Accent.

2-There are three types of regional variation
- International Variation
- Intra-national/Intra-continental Variation
- Cross-continental Variation

International Variation  Shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronunciation, vocabulary word choice and grammatical structure. For example, an American’s god sounds like an English person’s guard while an American’s ladder is pronounced identically with latter

Intra-national or Intra-continental Variation deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country - distinguishing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation. As an example, the London area, the Cockney dialect is quite distinctive with its glottal stop instead of t between vowels in words like bitter and butter, and its rhyming slang such as apples and pears for ‘stairs’, lean and lurch for ‘church’ .

Cross-continental Variation
used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. A dialect chains naturally spread across a geographical area. Speakers of a dialect can understand the speakers of other dialects who live adjacent to them, but people who live further away may be difficult or impossible to understand .For example, The varieties of French spoken in the border towns and villages of Italy, Spain and Switzerland have more in common with the language of the next village than the language of Paris.

3.Difference between accent and dialect is
accents are distinguished from each other by pronunciation .While,dialect  are distinguished by their vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation .

4.
Vocabulary- same linguistic variable is likely to have different values in different speech communities .

Pronunciation- Milk in the Kanada Language for instance is haalu while Non brahmic dialects say aalu

Grammar- In Tulu, the Brahmin dialects makes gender, number and person distinctions in negative tenses of verb which are not made for non-Brahmics dialects.

5-Caste dialects means that people can live together based on their economical status and comparable social .As an example,  Javanese social status is indicated not just choice of linguistics forms but also in the particular combinations of forms which each social group customarily uses
- Lowest status group, the peasants and uneducated townspeople, consist of 3
stylistic levels: 1, 1a and 2
-Urbanised people with some education consists of 5 stylistic levels: 1, 1a, 2,3 and 3a
- Highly Educated status consists of 5 levels, but they are different from those of the second group 1, 1a, 1b, 3 and 3a

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1) Accent is regional or social variation in pronounciation . As example Brisith Accent and American accent .

2) There are three types of variation which are international variation , cross - continental variation and intranational variation

International variation - Is a differents parts of world , same language but differently in the sense of pronounciation , as example
Malaysia : kereta
Indonesia : Mobil

Intranational variation - Is a from the same country but use the different accents and different dialect as well .
as example :
Standard Malaysia: Awak nak tidur dah ke ?
Pahang people : Aok nak tidur dah ?

Cross continental variation : Is a term used to describe a chain of dialect spoken throughout an area . A dialect chains naturally spread across a geographical area .

3 ) Accents - are distinguished from each other by pronounciation .

Dialect - are linguistic varieties that    distinguished by their vocabulary ,   grammar and pronounciation .

4) Vocabulary
pronounciation
grammar

5) Define caste dialects in your own words

- people can be grouped together on the basis of similar social economic factors . There are caste system determined by birth and strict social rules govern the kind of behavuour appropiate to each group .

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AINUN HUSNA BINTI MOHD FOUZI (AM2007007922)

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AINUN HUSNA BINTI MOHD FOUZI (AM2007007922)

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1. Accent is regional or social variation in pronunciation. For example, American English and British English.

2. International variation shows different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronunciation, vocabulary and grammatical structure. For example, American people say cookies but British people say biscuit.

Intra-national/Intra-continental Variation deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country-distinguishing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation. For example in Malaysian context, people in Terengganu would say the word ikan as 'ikang' while people in Kelantan would say 'ikey'.

Cross-continental Variation is a term used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. Speakers of a dialect can comprehend speakers of different dialects who live nearby, while speakers from further away may be difficult to understand. For example, the varieties of French spoken in the border towns and villages of Italy, Spain and Switzerland have more in common with the language of the next village than the language of Paris.

3. Accents are distinguished from each other by pronunciation while dialects are linguistic varieties which are distinguished by their vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.

4. Pronunciation, Vocabulary, Grammar

5. Caste dialect refers to the people that can be in the same group based on their similarity on the social and economic factors. The use of the different social dialect generally reflects these grouping. For example, in countries like Indonesia and India, the social groupings can be seen clearly. In these countries, caste systems are determined by birth and strict social rules.

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MUHAMMAD ALIF ILHAM BIN HAFIDZUL (AM2007007797)

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MUHAMMAD ALIF ILHAM BIN HAFIDZUL (AM2007007797)

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Exercises

1.Define accent and give two examples

-Accent is regional or social variation in pronunciation. For example, Australian English accent and Canadian English accent.

2. Discuss THREE (3) regional variation and give examples for each. (20 marks)

-international variation: shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronunciation, vocabulary and grammatical structure. For example American English use “soccer” but British English use “football”.

-intra-national/ intra-continental variation: It deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country - distinguishing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation. For example, in standard Malay they use term “pergi” for go but in Kelantanese dialect they use term “gi” which also mean go.

-cross-continental variation: A term used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. A dialect chains naturally spread across a geographical area. Speakers of a dialect can understand the speakers of other dialects who live adjacent to them, but people who live further away may be difficult or impossible to understand. For example, Thai people who live near Malaysia’s border speak Malay in Kelantanese dialect.

3.What is the difference between accent and dialect?

Accents are distinguished from each other by pronounciation while dialects are linguistic varieties which are distinguished by their vocabulary , grammar and pronounciation .

4.What are the three aspects that differ the languages in Social Dialect?

-vocabulary

-pronunciation

-grammar

5.Define caste dialects in your own word and example.

-Caste dialect mean people can be grouped together on the basis of similar social and economic factors. A dialect spoken by specific hereditary classes in a society. Often the use of caste dialect marks the speaker as part of that particular class. For example,country such as Indonesia and India where social divisions are very clear-cut. Caste systems determined by birth and strict social rules.

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NUR ALEYA EMALIN BINTI MOHD BUSTAMAN (AM2007007720)

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NUR ALEYA EMALIN BINTI MOHD BUSTAMAN (AM2007007720)

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1. Accent is regional or social variation in pronunciation. For example, American English and British English.

2. There are three types of Regional Variation:
a) International variation shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronunciation, vocabulary (word choice), and grammatical structure. For example, American uses the word 'holiday' meanwhile British uses the word 'vacation'.

b) Intra-national/Intra-continental Variation deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country - distinguishing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation.

c) Cross-continental Variation is a particular language that been used by the people living in a nearby towns or villages. There is a chain of language from one village or town to the next one and it won't be completely same language but there is simalirity.

3. Accent is regional or social variation in pronunciation. Dialect is linguistic varieties which are distinguishable by
their vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.

4. Vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.

5. Caste dialects refer to people who be grouped together on the basis of similar social and economic factors. Their language generally reflects these groupings in which they use different social dialects.

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Farisa Najwa binti Mohd.Suhaimi AM2007007025

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Farisa Najwa binti Mohd.Suhaimi AM2007007025

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1. Accent defines regional or social variation in pronunciation. Example, American English, British English.

2.International variation
-Shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronunciation, vocabulary (word choice), and grammatical structure. Example, to British ears, a New Zealander’s dad sounds like dead and bad sounds like bed.

Intra-national variation
-Deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country - distinguishing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation. Like isoglosses is lines on dialect maps showing the boundaries between two regions which differ with respect to some linguistic feature. Example, - British dialect, such as Scouse, Cockney and Geordie even have distinct names showing how significant they are in distinguishing groups from one another.

Cross-continental variation
-A term used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. A dialect chains naturally spread across a geographical area. Speakers of a dialect can understand the speakers of other dialects who live adjacent to them, but people who live further away may be difficult or impossible to understand. Example, Chinese who speak only Cantonese cannot understand Mandarin despite both being dialects of the Chinese language.

3.Accents are distinguished from each other by pronunciation meanwhile dialect is linguistic varieties which are distinguished by their vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.

4.Vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar.

5.Caste dialects is their
languages generally reflect these groupings that is why the use different social dialects. For example, in India brahmin word for milk is haalu. Meanwhile, Non-brahmic dialects say aalu.

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1. Accent are distinguished from each other by pronunciation such as british english and american english.

2. There are three types of variation which are international variation, cross- continental variation and intra-national/ intra-continental variation.

a) international variation

Shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of pronunciation , vocabulary and gramatical structur.

b) intra-national/intra-continental variation

It deals with not only the different accent, but but with dialect differences within a country-distingushing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation.

c) cross continental variation

A term used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. A dialect chain naturally spread across a geographical area. Speaker of other dialects can understand the speakers of other dialects who lives close to them, but people who live further away may be difficult or imposible to understand.

3. Accent are seperated from one another pronunciation while dialect is linguistic variaties which are distinguishable by their vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.

4. Vocabullary, pronunciation, grammar.

5. Caste dialects refer to people who are group together based on comparable social and exonomic criteria. Their language reflect their caste, since they speak in a variaty of social dialects.

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Tuan Harraz Hamimin bin Tuan Yuhailan (AM2007007147)

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Tuan Harraz Hamimin bin Tuan Yuhailan (AM2007007147)

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1. Accents are a regional or social variation in pronunciation.
E.g: American English/ British English

2.1. International Variation shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammatical structure
E.g: American English used the word "Football" while British English used the word "Soccer"

2.2 Intra-national/ Intra-continental variation deals not only with different accents, but with dialect differences within the country-distinguishing forms that involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation.
E.g: People in Kelantan use "kawe" while people in Kuala Lumpur use "aku" for the word "saya" in standard Malay.

2.3 Cross-continental variation is a term used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. Speakers of the dialect can understand the speakers of other dialects who live near to them while people who live far away might not understand.
E.g:  Kelantan and Terengganu can understand each other because they live adjacent to each other like people from Jerteh.

3. Accents are regional or social variations in pronunciation while dialects are linguistic varieties that are distinguished by their vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation.

4. Vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar.

5. Caste dialects show that the different status of a person affects their dialect.
E.g: In Malaysia, we have the Royal family and low economy family. The royal family will use different terms of words than the low economy family like they used "beradu" while low economy family will used "melawan"

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MUHAMMAD LUQMAN HAKIM BIN AB GHANI                     AM2007007822

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MUHAMMAD LUQMAN HAKIM BIN AB GHANI                     AM2007007822

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1.       Accent: It is regional or social variation in pronunciation

Example: American accent, British accent

2.

International variation shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronunciation, vocabulary (word choice) and grammatical structure. For example, Malaysian use "berbeza" while Indonesian use "berbeda" for the same meaning.

Intra-national / Intra-continental variation deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country which distinguishing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation. For an example, people in Kelantan use "kawe" while people in Perak use "teman" for the word "saya" in standard Malay.

Cross-continental variation is a term used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. A dialect chains naturally spread across a geographical area. Speakers of a dialect can understand the speakers of other dialects who live adjacent to them, but people who live further away may be difficult or impossible to understand. For an example, one chain links all the dialects of Potuguese, Spanish, Catalan, French and Italian

3.

Accent is distinguish from each other by pronunciation, while dialect are linguistic varieties which are distinguish by their pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar

4.

i)                    Vocabulary

ii)                   Pronunciation

iii)                 Grammar

5.    caste dialect means different social and economic status have their own dialect. for example: in Malaysia we have the royalty group and marhaen group. The royalty group use beradu while the marhaen group use tidur.

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1.Define accent and give two examples
2. Discuss THREE (3) regional variation and give examples for each. (20 marks)
3.What is the difference between accent and dialect?
4.What are the three aspects that differ the languages in Social Dialect?
5.Define caste dialects in your own word and example.

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1. Accent is a way of pronouncing words shared by the people of a particular country or region. Example, British accent and Australian accent.

2. International variation -  Shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammatical structure. Example: To a British person if a new Zealand person say “dad” it sounded like “dad”

Intra national variation -  It deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country. Example: The word disjacket that is only used by Scotland people.

Cross continental variation - term used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. A dialect chains naturally spread across a geographical area. For example, people from Perak have there ways of saying “ular, ulo, ulaq”

3. An accent is simply how one pronounces words—a style of pronunciation. A dialect includes not just pronunciations, but also one's general vocabulary and grammar.

4. Vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation

5. Casta dialect means that the language spoken is actually a way for them to see their social status. For example, Indian people has four social status and each of them speak differently.

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1. Accent defined as a regional or social variation in pronunciation. For examples is American English and British English.

2. Three types of regional variation are International variation, Intra-national / Intra-continental variation and Cross-continental variation.

International variation shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronunciation, vocabulary (word choice) and grammatical structure. For an example, Malaysian use "berbeza" while Indonesian use "berbeda" for the same meaning.

Intra-national / Intra-continental variation deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country which distinguishing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation. For an example, people in Negeri Sembilan use "eden" while people in Perak use "teman" for the word "saya" in standard Malay.

Cross-continental variation is a term used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. A dialect chains naturally spread across a geographical area. Speakers of a dialect can understand the speakers of other dialects who live adjacent to them, but people who live further away may be difficult or impossible to understand. For an example, one chain links all the dialects of German, Dutch and Flemish from Switzerland through Austria and Germany, to the Netherlands and Belgium.

3. Accents are regional or social variation in pronunciation. Dialects are linguistic varieties which are distinguishable by their vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.

4. Three aspects that differ the languages in Social Dialect are vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar.

5. Caste dialects means the social status and economic factors are defined by the dialect of the language used. For an example, in British English, people in a low caste tend to drop the "h" sound in their pronunciation rather than the people in a high caste.

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ALYA ZAFIRAH BINTI MOHAMAD YUSOF (AM2007006886)

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ALYA ZAFIRAH BINTI MOHAMAD YUSOF (AM2007006886)

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1. The definition of accent is a regional variation in pronunciation.
Examples: American English / British English

2. There are three types of Regional Variation which is International Variation, Cross-continental Variation and Intra-national/Intra-continental Variation.

International Variation: Shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronunciation, vocabulary (word choice) and grammatical structure.
Example: American English - Movie
British English - Film

Intra-national/Intra-continental Variation: It deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country - distinguishing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation.
Example:  North America - Hello
South America - Howdy

Cross-continental Variation: A term used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. A dialect chains naturally spread across a geographical area. Speakers of a dialect can understand the speakers of other dialects who live adjacent to them, but people who live further away may be difficult or impossible to understand.
Example: Chinese language acts to unite other dialects such as Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka, Teo Chew and others.

3. Accent are distinguished from each other by pronunciation meanwhile,  Dialect is linguistic varieties which are distinguished by their vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.

4. i- Vocabulary
ii- Pronunciation
iii- Grammar

5. In my own words, caste dialects is a dialect spoken by specific hereditary classes in a society which means how often a person use of caste dialect marks that the speaker as part of that particular class.
Example: Indian language there are Brahmin and Non-Brahmin (educated and uneducated).

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1) Accent is regional or social variation in pronunciation. For examples: American english accent and British english accent.

2) i) International variation
- in different parts of world, the use the same language but differently in terms of pronunciation, vocabulary and grammatical structure.
For example: Malaysian use "arnab" but Indonesian use "kelinci"

ii) Intra-national/ Intra-continental variation
- it deals with different accents and dialect within a country, distinguishing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation.
For example: "might could" use in some parts of the southern USA.

iii) Cross-continental Variation
- a terms used to describe a chaun of dialects spoken throughout an area. Speakers of an dialect can be understand by the other's dialect speaker who live adjacent to them but not for those people who live further away.
For example: the chinese spoken in mandarin or putonghua at rural village in southern china which is use dialect of cantonese.

3)Accent- distinguished from each other by pronunciation
Dialect- linguistic varieties which are distinguished by their vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.

4) a) vocabulary
b) pronunciation
c) grammar

5)Caste dialect defines as a group of people that use the different social dialects based on their birth and strict social rules.
For examples: In India, brahmin dialect used by brahmin caste such as gender and number meanwhile for non-brahmin caste, they use their own dialect such as the word "aalu" for milk.

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NUR QAMALIA AMIERA BINTI MOHD SYAHARUDIN ( AM2007007190 )

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NUR QAMALIA AMIERA BINTI MOHD SYAHARUDIN ( AM2007007190 )

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1. Accent defined as a way of pronouncing words shared by people of a particular country or region. For example, British English and American English.

2. There are three types of regional variation which are International variation, Cross- continental Variation and Intra-national / Intra-continental Variation.

a. International variation shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronunciation, vocabulary and grammatical structure. For example, American people use " eraser " but in UK, they use " rubber ".

b. Intra-national / Intra-continental Variation deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country which distinguishing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation. For example, people in Terengganu said " kabo " but people in Kedah said " habaq mai " for the word " bagitahu " in standard word.

c. Cross-continental Variation or dialect chains is a particular language that been used by the people living in a nearby towns or villages. There is a chain of language from one village or town to the next one and it wont be completely same language but there would be some similarity which is understandable for the people there. For example, French language spoken in the border town and villages of Italy, Spain and Switzerland.

3. Accents are distinguished from each other by pronunciation while dialects are linguistic varieties which are distinguished by their vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.

4.
a. Pronunciation
b. Vocabulary
c. Grammar

5. Caste dialect refers to the people that can be in the same group based on their similarity on the social and economic factors. The use of the different social dialect generally reflects these grouping. For example, in India and Indonesia, the social groupings can be seen clearly as it determines by birth and strict social rules.

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IZZATJ HASANAH BINTI HASAN (AM2007007357)

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IZZATJ HASANAH BINTI HASAN (AM2007007357)

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1) Accent defines as a regional or social variation in pronunciation.
Examples- American English accent and British English accent.

2) ->International Variation

Shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronounciation, vocabulary (word choice) , and grammatical structure
Example- The British use *rubish* while American use *garbage*

->Intra - national / Intra - continental Variation

Deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country-distingushing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronounciation.
Example :
-standard malay (tidak)
- sabahan used 'ndak'
-sarawakian used 'sik'

->Cross - continental Variation

Used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. A dialect chains naturally spread across a geographical area. Speakers of a dialect can understand the speakers of other dialects who live adjacent to them , but people who live further away may be difficult or impossible to understand .
Example- The French spoken in the border towns and villages of Italy , Spain and Switzerland .

3) Accents are distinguished from each other by pronounciation while dialects are linguistic varieties which are distinguished by their vocabulary , grammar and pronounciation .

4)- Pronounciation
-Vocabulary
-Grammar

5) Refers to a person who can be classified as belonging to the same group based on social and economic factors.
Example - In India and Indonesia where the social divisons are fairly obvious as the caste systems decided by birth and strict social rules .

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NUR ATHIRAH BINTI MOHD AZMI (AM2007007045)

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NUR ATHIRAH BINTI MOHD AZMI (AM2007007045)

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1. Accent define as a regional or social variation in pronunciation. Two examples of accent are American English and British English.

2. (i) International Variation:

- It shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms off the sense of the pronunciation, vocabulary and grammatical structure.
-For example, American people say Apartment, but British people called flat.

(ii) Intra-National / Intra-Continental Variation:
- It deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country- distinguishing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation.
-For example,  the Kedahan used "mai" while the Perak people used "moh" for the word datang in standard Malay.

(iii) Cross-Continental Variation:
- A term used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. A dialect chains naturally spread across a geographical area. Speakers of a dialect can understand the speakers of other dialects who live adjacent to them, but people who live further away may be difficult or impossible to understand.
-For example, French spoken in the border towns and villages of Italy, Spain and Switzerland have more in common with the language of the next village than the language of Paris.

3. The different between accent and dialect is accent are distinguished from each other by pronunciation meanwhile dialect is a linguistic varieties which are distinguished buy their vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.

4. - Vocabulary
- Pronunciation
- Grammar

5. Caste dialect can be define as people that can be classified into Caste dialects based on comparable social and economic consideration. Their language reflects these divisions in general- they speak in a variety of social dialects.
-Example: In country like Indonesia and India, where socioeconomic differences are quite obvious, the easiest evidence for social dialects is found. Caste systems are determined by birth and strict social rules.

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ANIS HUMAIRA BINTI MOHAMMAD AZLAN (AM2007007244)

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ANIS HUMAIRA BINTI MOHAMMAD AZLAN (AM2007007244)

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1. Accent is regional or social variation in pronunciation. For example, American English and British English.

2. There are three regional variation which are International Variation, Intra-national/Intra-continental Variation and Cross-continental Variation.

International Variation shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronunciation, vocabulary (word choice), and grammatical structure. In terms of pronunciation, to British ears, a New Zealander’s 'dad' sounds like 'dead'. For vocabulary, the choice of words for ‘single parent’ is used by British people while Australians used sole parents and New Zealanders use solo parents. For grammar, Americans say ‘gotten’ where people in England use ‘got’.

Intra-national/Intra-continental Variation deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country distinguishing form involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation. For example, the standard Malay use the word ‘makan’ but the Kelantanese use ‘make’ which both means eat.

Cross-continental Variation is a term used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. A dialect chains naturally spread across a geographical area. Speakers of a dialect can understand the speakers of other dialects who live adjacent to them, but people who live further away may be difficult or impossible to understand. Dialect chains are very common across the whole of Europe. For example, one chain links all the dialects of German, Dutch and Flemish from Switzerland through Austria and Germany, to the Netherlands and Belgium.

3. Accents are distinguished from each other by pronunciation. Dialects are linguistic varieties that distinguished by their vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.

4. Three aspects that differ the languages in social dialect are vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar.

5. Caste dialects refer to people who be grouped together on the basis of similar social and economic factors. Their language generally reflects these groupings in which they use different social dialects. For example, in India Brahmin word for ‘Milk’ in the Kanada Language is ‘haalu’, Non brahmic dialects say ‘aalu’. In Indonesia, the highly educated highest status group use ‘samenika’ while lowest status group use ‘saiki’ where both means ‘You’.

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RAIS SAMBA BIN ZULKIFLI SAMBA (AM2007007153)

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RAIS SAMBA BIN ZULKIFLI SAMBA (AM2007007153)

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1. accent: it is regional or social variation in (pronunciation)
examples:  British accent
American accent

2. Three types of regional variation which are international variation, intra-national variation and cross-continental variation.
a) international- show how different part of the world use same language differently in term of pronunciation, vocabulary(word of choice) and grammatical structure.
Example:
Pronunciation: Malaysia - berbeza
Indonesia - berbeda
Vocabulary: Malaysia use bercakap while Indonesia use omong.
Grammar : American - did you eat
British - have you eaten
b) intra-national/intra-continental- it deals with accent and dialect differences within a country - involving grammatical, lexical and pronunciation.
Example: -double modal might could - typical Geordie in southern USA
- disjasket(worn out) - Scotland
c) cross-continental- a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. Dialect chain naturally spread across a geographical area.
Example: dialect chain that link Terengganu and Kelantan
which is use in Besut.

3.  accent
- distinguish from  each other by pronunciation.
dialect
- linguistic varieties which are distinguish by their pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar.
4.
a)vocabulary
b)pronunciation
c)grammar

5. caste dialect means different social and economic status have their own dialect.(a way for them to show their social status)  for example:
In India they have 4 social status that speak their own dialect.(betul)
in Malaysia we have the royalty group and marhaen group.(RP) The royalty group(RP) use gering while the marhaen group use sakit.(salah)

definition regional and social dialect: region=place/social=status background

this topic divided into regional=place and social=background

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NUR YASMIN MAISARA BINTI ARMAN (AM2007007585)

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NUR YASMIN MAISARA BINTI ARMAN (AM2007007585)

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1 ) Accent defines regional or social variation in pronunciation and as for examples are American English accent and British English accent.

2 ) Three types of regional variation are International Variation , Intra-national/ Intra-continental Variation and Cross-continental Variation.

-International Variation

It shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronounciation, vocabulary (word choice) , and grammatical structure . Example ; The British says curtains while American says drapes .

-Intra - national / Intra - continental Variation

It deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country-distingushing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronounciation. Example ; the kedahan use 'mai' and kelantanese use 'marih' for the word datang in standard malay .

-Cross - continental Variation

A term used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. A dialect chains naturally spread across a geographical area. Speakers of a dialect can understand the speakers of other dialects who live adjacent to them , but people who live further away may be difficult or impossible to understand . Example ;The French spoken in the border towns and villages of Italy , Spain and Switzerland .

3 ) Accents are distinguished from each other by pronounciation while dialects are linguistic varieties which are distinguished by their vocabulary , grammar and pronounciation .

4 ) Pronounciation , Vocabulary , Grammar

5 ) Caste dialect refers to a person who can be classified as belonging to the same group based on social and economic factors. Example ; In India and Indonesia where the social divisons are fairly obvious as the caste systems decided by birth and strict social rules .

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1.  Accent is regional or social variation in pronunciation. For example, American English and British English.

2. Three regional variations are International Variation, Cross- continental Variation and Intra- national/ Intra- continental Variation.

International variation shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronunciation, vocabulary (word choice), and grammatical structure. For example, American people say cookies but British people called biscuit.

Intra-national/ Intra-continental Variation deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country - distinguishing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation. For example in Malaysia context, people in Terengganu would say the word ikan as “ikang” while people in Kelantan would say it “ikey”.

Cross- continental Variation is a term used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area also known as dialect chains. Speakers of a dialect can comprehend speakers of different dialects who live nearby, while speakers from further away may be difficult to understand. For example, the varieties of French spoken in the border towns and villages of Italy, Spain and Switzerland have more in common with the language of the next village than the language of Paris

3.  Accent are separated from one another pronunciation while dialect is linguistic varieties which are distinguishable by their vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.

4.  -vocabulary

-pronunciation

-grammar

5. Caste dialects refer to people who are group together based on comparable social and economic criteria. Their language reflects their caste, since they speak in a variety of social dialects. In areas like Indonesia and India, where class distinctions are quite obvious, the simplest evidence for social dialects is found. Caste systems are based on birth and are governed by rigid social standards.

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SYARIFAH AMEERAH FADAQ BINTI SYED ABDULLAH , AM2007007401

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SYARIFAH AMEERAH FADAQ BINTI SYED ABDULLAH , AM2007007401

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1.Define accent and give two examples
- Accents are distinguished from each other by pronunciation such as American English and British English accents.

2. Discuss THREE (3) regional variation and give examples for each. (20 marks)
a. International Variation:
Shows the  different parts of the world use the same language
but different in terms of the sense of the pronunciation,
vocabulary (word choice), and grammatical structure. For example, To British ears, a New Zealander’s dad sounds like dead and
bad sounds like bed.

b. Intra-national Variation:
The differences between accents as well as the dialect
differences within a country - distinguishing forms involve grammatical, usages lexical items, and pronunciation. For example, in standard Malay, the words would be "mahu berjumpa di mana?" while in Terengganu dialects would be "nok jupe kat mane ni?"

c. Cross-continental Variation:
A term used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area and it naturally spread across a geographical area. For example, in Terengganu, there are a lot of areas and one of them is Besut. Besut people usually ue Kelantan dialect since it is the border between Terengganu and Kelantan.

3.What is the difference between accent and dialect?
- Accent is regional or social variation in pronunciation while dialect are linguistic varieties which are distinguishable by
their vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation

4.What are the three aspects that differ the languages in Social Dialect?
- social class
- education
- religion

5.Define caste dialects in your own word and example.
- A group of people who use different social dialects such as in India, there are Brahmin and non-Brahmin castes. Brahmin word for Milk in the Kanada is haalu while for non-brahmin say aalu

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1)    Accent is the way in which people in a particular area, country, or social group pronounce words.

Example: British English and American English.

2)    Three regional and variation which are International Variation, Intra-national/Intra-continental Variation and Cross-continental Variation.

International Variation is  different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronunciation,  vocabulary (word choice), and grammatical structure.

Example: The British would call ‘lift’ while Americans would call ‘elevator’.

For pronunciation, there are many such stories of mistake based on regional accent differences. To  British ears, a  New Zealander’s dad sounds like  dead, bad-bed,  six-sucks.

For vocabulary, the terms ‘single parents’ is used by the British while for Australians they used sole parents and New Zealanders they used solo parents.

For grammar, many Americans use dove while most British English speakers use dived.

Intra-national/Intra-continental Variation is it deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country distinguishing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation.

Example: the kedahan will say ‘terbit’ while Kelantanese will say ‘tubik’ for the word keluar in standard malay.

Cross-continental Variation is a term used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. A dialect chains naturally spread across a geographical area. Speakers of a dialect can understand the speakers of other dialects who live adjacent to them, but people who live further away may be difficult or impossible to understand.

Example: French spoken in the border towns and villages of Italy, Spain and Switzerland have more in common with the language of the next village than the language of Paris.

3)    Accents are distinguished from each other by pronunciation while dialects are linguistic varieties which are distinguished by their vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.

4)

·         Vocabulary

·         Pronunciation

·         Grammar

5)    People can be grouped together in caste dialects based on comparable social and economic considerations. Their language reflects these divisions in general ,they speak in a variety of social dialects.

Example: In locations like Indonesia and India, where socioeconomic differences are quite obvious, the easiest evidence for social dialects is found. Birth and strong social constraints define caste systems.

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Answers:
1. Accent is a way of pronouncing words shared by the people of a particular country or region. For example, British English and American English.

2.There are three types of regional variation which are International variation, Cross-continental Variation and  Intra-national/Intra-continental Variation. International variation shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammatical structure. For example, American use "eraser" but people in the UK use "rubber" for the same meaning.

Intra-national/Intra-continental Variation  deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country which distinguishing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation. For example, the Kelantanese in Malaysia will say "make"  and the Terengganuans will say "makang" for the word makan (standard Malay).

Cross-continental Variation or dialect chains is a particular language that been used by the people living in a nearby towns or villages. There is a chain of language from one village or town to the next one and it won't be completely same language but there would be some similarity which is understandable for the people there. For example, the French language spoken in the border town and villages of Italy, Spain and Switzerland.

3.
Accents are separated from one another by their pronunciation meanwhile dialect is a language variations differentiated by their vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation.

4.

1. Grammar

2. Pronunciation

3. Vocabulary

5.
Caste dialect refers to the people that can be in the same group based on their similarity on the social and economic factors. The use of the different social dialect generally reflects these grouping. For example,  in countries like Indonesia and India, the social groupings can be seen clearly. In these countries, caste systems determined by birth and strict social rules

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Exercises

1.Define accent and give two examples
= Regional or social variation in pronunciation.
Eg; British English, Australian English

2. Discuss THREE (3) regional variation and give examples for each. (20 marks)

1.  International Variation
International variation means it shows how various cultures utilize the same language in different ways in terms of sound, lexicon (word choice), and grammatical structure. For example, based on pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. By pronunciation, there are many such stories of mistake based on regional accent differences. To British ears, a New Zealander’s dad sounds like dead, bad-bed, six-sucks but they still can understood each other. The diverse choice of words used in different regions of the world might be one of the signs for a listener to determine where you are from when it comes to vocabulary.  Example 1: ‘single parents’ - British: single parents - Australians: sole parents - New Zealanders: solo parents . From the grammar aspect, when English speakers from throughout the world encounter English speakers from different countries, they notice distinctions that are comparable to those observed by speakers of other languages.

2.  Intra-national/Intra-continental Variation

Intra-national means it deals not just with various accents but also with dialect differences within a country; differentiating forms include grammatical usages, lexical items, and pronunciation. It takes time for regional diversity to emerge. British and American English, for example, show far greater regional diversity than New Zealand or Australian English. Isoglosses, for example, are a kind of isogloss. On dialect maps, lines indicate the borders between two regions that differ in some linguistic trait.

3.  Cross-continental Variation

Cross-continental variation means a phrase that refers to a group of dialects that are spoken in a certain location. A dialect chain develops through time and spreads over a geographic area. Speakers of a dialect can understand speakers of different dialects who live nearby, but it may be difficult or impossible to comprehend those who live further away.

3.What is the difference between accent and dialect?

ACCENT: Accents are separated from one another by their pronunciation.
DIALECT: Language variations differentiated by their vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation are referred to as dialects.

4.What are the three aspects that differ the languages in Social Dialect?

1. Vocabulary

2. Pronunciation

3. Grammar

5.Define caste dialects in your own word and example.

Caste dialects means that people can be grouped together in caste dialects based on comparable social and economic criteria. They employ various social dialects, which reflects these groupings in their language. For example, in areas like Indonesia and India, where class distinctions are quite obvious, the simplest evidence for social dialects is found. Birth and rigid social restrictions form caste systems.

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1.Define accent and give two examples
2. Discuss THREE (3) regional variation and give examples for each. (20 marks)
3.What is the difference between accent and dialect?
4.What are the three aspects that differ the languages in Social Dialect?
5.Define caste dialects in your own word and example.