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individuals/o.1 ha

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individuals per o.1 hectors

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measured in g/m2

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the grams of biomass for every square metre

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measured in kilocalories per metre per year

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Pyramdis of ENERGY
Show the flow of energy between trophic levels

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describe ecosystems

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enzymes
structural proteins

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oils for energy storage
phospholipids for cell membranes
wax for cuticles

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universal solvent. can dissolve positive and negative molecules.

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Monosaccharides for energy
Dissaccharides for transport
Polysaccharides for cell wall and storage

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GLUCOSE

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- high specific heat (energy needed to increase 1 centigrade 1 gram of water)

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Cohesion → bond of water with each other by hydrogen bonds.

Adhesion → bond of water with external surfaces/substances which are polar.

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They are both based on the electromagnetic spectrum

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lost at each stage due to respiration

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3 FATTY ACIDS + GLYCEROL

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Trans fats have one hydrogen in one side of the chain and the other in the other side of the chain. Trans can be cancerogenous. Unhealthy

Cis fats have both hydrogens on the same side. Cis are healthy

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Energy flows through the flood chain

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initial energy source for almost all communities

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More than one double bond between carbons

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NO matter exchanged as nutrients are recycled

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ENERGY is exchanged

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Linear Amylose
Branched Amylopectin

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UNSATURATED  -->  DOUBLE BPND BETWEEN CARBONS, I.E LESS HYDROGENS.
SATURATED --> NO DOUBLE BONDS

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experimental tool that brings a small part of the natural environment under controlled conditions

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REQUIRES
- nutrient availability
- detoxification of waste
- energy availability

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CARBOXYL GROUP + HYDROCARBON CHAIN

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Linear
-Cellulose formed
Branched
-NO polysaccharides with only 1,6
Linear and Branched
-Glycogen formed
-Starch formed

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Fats are solid at room temperature

Oils are liquid at room temperature

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- balance between each of the components in an ecosystem
- able to continue indefinitively

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- deformation el protein 3D. (due to breakage of bonds)
- no more attraction between enzyme and substrate

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- mutualis/symbiotic
- commensalism
- parasitism

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Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

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- Temperature
- pH
- substrate consentration

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Alpha --> Starch and Glycogen

Beta --> Cellulose

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ATP --> has 3 phosphates
To release energy, bond in ribose of ATP is broken down

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Cholesterol

Glycoproteins

integral proteins

Peripheral proteins

Phospholipid bilayer

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Unsaturated → double bond
Saturated → simple bonds

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saprotrophs & dentritivores

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primary secondary & tertiary

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Genome → all the genes we have in our cells → will determine all the proteins that my cell produces → proteome complexity. (overall proteins that my cell can do)

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Chromosome → genes → sequence of DNA → DNA converts into mRna → form polypeptides → polypeptides are or forms proteins

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performed by producers

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some organisms fit to more than one trophic level

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Hydrophobic - Repels water/non Polar Hydrophilic - tends to react with H2O

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Hydrophobic - Repels water/non Polar Hydrophilic - tends to react with H2O

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Dna to mRna → transcription

mRna to be read on ribosome → translation

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LIMITING FACTORS
Food, water, shelter, space, disease, predation, climatic conditions