# data[].attributes.body
Wonder

"If you want to make it, All you have to do is try."

William goes to a TED conference where he meets Tom Rielly who helps him with his presentation and offers him the chance to spread his story to get money to help his family and himself,  William accepts and undergoes a great change in his life.

# data[].attributes.body
The underlying foundation or basic framework
Source:
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/infrastructure

# data[].attributes.body
An investor who either provides capital to startup ventures or supports small companies that wish to expand but do not have access to the equities markets,

# data[].attributes.body
Facts:

Home to many start-up and global technology companies,

Silicon valley was named for its geography and the number of silicon chop manufacturers and innovators

Silicon Valley is associated with its many technological advances tofay

# data[].attributes.body
"Africans bend what little they have to their will every day. Using creativity, they overcome Africa;s challenges. Where the world sees trash, Africa recycles. Where the world sees junk, Africa sees rebirth.

# data[].attributes.body
Supportive
Friendly
Carring

# data[].attributes.body
Opportunity

"your son has done an amazing thing, and this is only the beginning"

William meets Dr. Mchazime who is amaze zed at what William has created and this news of the windmill has spread through out Malawi giving William credit and validation as well as a new opportunity to achieve his dreams and go to school

# data[].attributes.body
TED stands for Technology, Entertainment, and Design and represent the collaboration and communication of many unique individuals who are innovative and are seeking to make the world a better place

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Come and See why Windsor Chico Care Center has become the choice for skilled nursing and rehab services in the area. Our team of professionals understand the importance of creating a warm, comfortable environment for all residents. Let us show you how we help people recover from surgery, injury and serious illness.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition:
To make valid, confirm

On page 255, many reporters came to William and took many pictures,

Source:
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/validation

# data[].attributes.body
Determined

Charismatic

Generous

# data[].attributes.body
Superstition and inspiration

“In science we invent and create,’ I said. ‘We make new things that can benefit our situation. If we can all invent something and put it to work, we can change Malawi.”

William attempts to make several other projects Though had little success and was soon blamed for all the superstition events happening, but this superstition soon faded and William directed a play about HIV/aids and inspired others.

# data[].attributes.body
William became a director of a play with the purpose of informing people of HIV and aids through a story. The reason information was told through a story was to help people relate to the information and attract their attention.

# data[].attributes.body
Aids:
A disease of the immune system which makes the victim highly venerable to other sickness and illnesses
HIV:
A retrovirus that infect and destroy helper T cells of the immune system
Facts:

Out of 34 million people with HIV, 69% live in the sub Saharan Africa.

91% of the children with HIV live in Africa

71% of the HIV and aids related deaths in 2011 occurred in Africa

Sources:
https://www.merriam-webster.com/

https://www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-hiv-africa

# data[].attributes.body
Many superstition events occurred around Wimbe which soon lead to many people blaming William and his windmill for these events. One event included a beast which rampaged in a village and was thought to be from an angry wizard seeking revenge. Another event was that many lost their private parts to witches, Satan worshipers and business tycoons. Many people started getting superstition and paranoid. When the rain clouds were about to roll in, but never came and many people gathered around William and his windmill blaming his windmill that it is chasing the clouds away or calling witches. The people didn't understand the windmill nor how it worked and to them the windmill was odd and weird. Not knowing how it worked, Many people started to blame William and his windmill.

# data[].attributes.headline
Mosquito-Repellent Soap to prevent Malaria

# data[].attributes.subject
Mosquito-Repellent Soap to prevent Malaria

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
DAKAR (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - Two former students from Burkina Faso have designed a mosquito-repellent soap, which they hope could be a simple and affordable solution in the fight to end malaria, but more funds are needed to test the idea, according to the startup behind it.

Moctar Dembélé and Gérard Niyondiko, the brains behind Faso Soap, were awarded a $25,000 prize for their invention in 2013 when they became the first African winners of the Global Social Venture Competition at the University of California Berkeley.

Yet Faso Soap must be tested to ensure it is safe for human use and effective at preventing malaria before it can be mass produced by soap manufacturers in Africa, said Franck Langevin, campaigns director for the Ouagadougou-based startup.

The soap, created from natural oils and plants, could prove successful in preventing malaria as it would be cheap and rely on existing habits of African households, Langevin said.

"People in Africa are very reluctant to change their habits, but soap is present in most homes, and is used for bathing, cleaning the house and washing clothes," he said.

The soap is designed to repel mosquitoes up to six hours after being applied, and once soapy water is thrown away on the street, hinder the insects from breeding in stagnant water.

"It is a simple and affordable weapon in the fight against malaria," Langevin told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.

Last month, Faso Soap launched a crowd funding appeal for $113,000 to finalize the development of the soap with the aim of distributing it in six African countries hardest-hit by malaria by 2018, working with soap manufacturers and aid agencies.

Last year, there were 214 million cases of malaria worldwide with the mosquito-borne disease killing 438,000 people, most of them in sub-Saharan Africa.

Jo Lines, reader of malaria control and vector biology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, praised the idea behind the soap, but said it would be dangerous to rely on an untested product to protect against malaria.

As a social startup, Langevin said Faso Soap has struggled to attract funding from donors, including the World Health Organisation (WHO) and United Nations children's agency (UNICEF), prompting the inventors to turn to crowd funding.

World leaders committed to ending malaria by 2030 when they adopted the Sustainable Development Goals last year.

Europe last month became the first region to be declared malaria-free after reporting no indigenous cases in 2015, and a former WHO official said the world can eliminate the disease soon, but only with more investment to end and keep it at bay.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Mosquito-repellent soap invention seeks to wash away Africa malaria threat

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Two former students from Burkina Faso have designed a mosquito-repellent soap, which they hope could be a simple and affordable solution in the fight to end malaria, but more funds are needed to test the idea, according to the startup behind it.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition:
Bio-gas is a fuel such as methane produced from organic matter being fermented.

William attempted to make bio gas to solve the need for an alternative fuel source. This is because main source of fuel is wood which means women in Malawi have to venture out to go and retrieve wood which can be dangerous and difficult due to deforestation. This is similar to Moto's motives. Moto is a new cheap alternative fuel for cooking and seek to solve the problem of the lack of cooking fuel in Syrian refugee camps. Many women in the refugee camps don't have access to a source of fuel, so they must venture out from the safety of the camp to gather wood. Moto intends to produce a fuel for cooking which can be delivered to the refugee camps to eliminate the need to leave the camp for wood.

# data[].attributes.body
William attempted to make a prototype of a pump which would make it easier to get water from the well, but the pump he produced was difficult to use and this problem couldn't be solved yet.

# data[].attributes.body
People without a plan or a dream who waste away their lives taking on small jobs and going to bars getting drunk. These people "grove through life" because they don't care about their future and are just doing what ever happens.

# data[].attributes.body
Adjustments

"Finally, I could touch the wall and get lights!"

William has finally completed his windmill and plans to improve it and installs several adjustments such as a light switch and a circuit breaker which even prevented his house from burning down.

# data[].attributes.body
After William has build the windmill, everyone saw how he made a great accomplishment. Before the windmill, many mocked him for being a mad man or being high on drugs for working on his project. Not may under stood him and thought he was wasting his time. After the success of his windmill, William was praised rather than mocked because of how he proved everyone wrong and succeeded in his journey. Mister Godsten, who welded for William, thought of William as mad as well. After William's success, Gosten no longer charged William for welding any more and didn't question Williams intentions.

# data[].attributes.body
William makes several edits to the windmill which will be beneficial to him and his family. William installed a circuit breaker to prevent a fire when the power is to high. Another adjustment William made was a light switch which allowed him to turn off the lights by cutting the circuit.

# data[].attributes.body
Automatic devices that stop the flow of an electric current and used as safety measure.
Facts:

Circuit breakers are essential in modern day homes

There are several types of circuit breakers such as fuse or electromagnetic circuit breakers.

All wiring in a house runs through a central circuit breaker panel.

# data[].attributes.body
Step up transformers are devices used to increase the voltage of an electrical current.
Facts:

Step up transformers can be found near power plants.

Step up transformers can also be found in microwaves

The efficiency of step of transformers are determined by the type of metal used for the coils with copper being more efficient than most metals

Micheal Faraday was one of the greatest scientist of the 19th century who greatly contributed to the field of electricity and magnetism.
Faraday Facts:

Micheal Faraday first became a chemist

First to liquefy a gas thought to be incapable of liquefaction

Invented the first electric motor and dynamo

source:
http://engineering.electrical-equipment.org/electrical-distribution/step-up-and-step-down-transformers.html

# data[].attributes.body
Electric Wind

"one by One the crowd began to cheer. They raised their hands in the air, clapping and shouting, Wachitabwina! Well done!""

William adds the finishing touches to his windmill and with the help of his friends, he completes the windmill and begins plans for the future.

# data[].attributes.body
Progress
""Leave the boy alone," my father said."Let's see what he has up his sleeve""

William tried to back to school, but was unable to go again so he continues his project towards building a windmill and gathers the pieces he needs.

# data[].attributes.body
Gratitude:
State of being grateful/thankful
Source:
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gratitude

# data[].attributes.body
For his windmill, William intends to use parts such as a bicycle frame. Many metal parts of the windmill was found in the scrapyard.

# data[].attributes.body
Example 1:
William confronted his father about using his father's bike for the windmill, but his father disagreed. Not backing down, William continued to try to convince his father till he would get the bike which his father allowed him to take in the end

Example: 2
Needing someone to weld parts for him, William was searching for money. When he was presented the opportunity, William took a job and worked hard so that he may earn money for a welder.

# data[].attributes.body
The Write Brothers
Robert Goddard

# data[].attributes.body
African school are to supplement the government funds they receive through school fees and other donations or fundraisers. Some people can be exempted from school fees through applications and all orphans are exempted from school fees.

# data[].attributes.body
Library

"Suddenly it snapped together."

Dropping out of school, William wants to keep up so he goes to the library to learn all the necessary materials to succeed in school, but comes across a book which informs him of windmills which gives him the dream of building windmills to help everyone in Malawi and begins working on his new project.

# data[].attributes.body
Kinetic energy

Energy in motion

Diode

an electronic device that has two electrodes or terminals and is used especially as a rectifier

Electroscope

any of various instruments for detecting the presence of an electric charge on a body, for determining whether the charge is positive or negative, or for indicating and measuring intensity of radiation

Electromagnetic Energy

a form of energy that is reflected or emitted from objects in the form of electrical and magnetic waves that can travel through space

Sources:
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/electromagnetic-energy
https://www.merriam-webster.com

# data[].attributes.body
In chapter 8, William received his grades which were disappointing and was sent to a school of low priority. By the end of chapter 9, William has set himself a goal and has a vision which would contradict the results of his grades. Even though he received low scores, William has determination and creativity which will propel him to greatness in the future. The video "I just sued the school system" explains how the modern school system is flawed by how it isn't flexible in how it denies some students their greatest strengths and creativity. This applies to William because of how despite the low grades, he has the knowledge and vision to build a windmill which would be innovative in his village and Africa.

# data[].attributes.body
First Harvest

"people now walked around shaking hands with each other as if they'd all return after a long journey."

William is faced with the challenges of hunger and the decision of the death of his dog while harvest is coming around the corner which brings salvation to the many who have suffered and survived the famine.

# data[].attributes.body
At the end of chapter 8, food is now being harvested and many farmers who have crops have been able to feed their family. William's family and friends have all been enjoying dowe and the first signs of recovery from the famine have arrived.

# data[].attributes.body
Definitions:

Epidemic:
affecting or tending to affect a disproportionately large number of individuals within a population, community, or region at the same time
Cholera:

Cholera is a bacterial disease which causes diarrhea and dehydration which can lead to death.

Cholera facts

1. Last major cholera out break in the United States was in 1911

2. Cholera is still present in Africa, Southeast Asia and Haiti

3. Cholera can result in symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and dehydration.

4. People can ingest cholera, but not get sick and pass it on to others.

5. People with type O blood are twice as likely to get infected with cholera compared to other blood types.

Sources:

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/epidemic
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholera/home/ovc-20311183

# data[].attributes.body
In chapter 7, William's friends Charity and Mizeck wanted to kill Khamba, but William took it upon himself to put Khamba out of his misery by going out into the forest and tying his dog to a tree and leaving him. This was a very emotional chapter and I feel it was a better choice if Khamba was put out of his misery quickly. Khamba was nearing the end due to his old age and being weakened by hunger. While I see Charity's actions as being merciful to spare Khamba of misery. I felt that leaving him to die alone in the forest might have not been the best way to do so. Either way, this was a difficult choice William that William had to deal with and now William hopes to help everyone and save them from suffering another drought by bringing irrigation and water pumps to Malawi and Africa.

# data[].attributes.body
William uses another simile to describe his sister who recovered cholera.
"When Mayless finally recovered, she was so this she was like a ghost walking among us."(kamkwamba, 153)

# data[].attributes.body
William describes his hunger with a simile comparing his hunger to an empty balloon in his dream and how he was "flattened like a tube" when he woke up to reality seeing how empty and hungry he was.
"My stomach had taken over my entire body during the night, filled every limb and crevice, all the way up to my head like a great big balloon. At some point in the early morning, it had finally burst and revealed its emptiness."

# data[].attributes.body
Education

"Two thousand kwacha was an impossible amount. I knew my fate was sealed."

William has been selected to go to Kachokolo secondary school, but after several months had to drop out due to low funds and loses moral along the way.

# data[].attributes.body
I believe that in this day and age, the standards of society makes taking care the weak a duty. Throughout human history, ethics of society have always changed for the worse or better and many in modern day society have sought for equality among everyone. We have ever changing perspectives and taking care of the weak is a duty we must uphold just as we take care of anyone. That is why society should take care of the weak.

# data[].attributes.body
Malaria is a blood disease which infects the liver with parasites which infects and destroys  red blood cells.
Five facts:

1. About 438,000 people have died to malaria in 2015

2. An estimate of 214 million cases of malaria was recorded in 2015

3. About 1,500 cases of Malaria were recorded in the United States each year

4. Highest transmission of Malaria occurs in Africa south of the Sahara and in parts of oceania such as Papa New Guinea

5. 3.2 billion people live in areas where the risk of transmitting malaria

Source:
https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/

# data[].attributes.body
Taken

"old people women, and children watched intently with eyes dancing like butterflies. Once the pail was pulled away, they threw themselves on hands and knees and scooped the floor clean."

William and his family struggle to push through the famine, taking any and all chances, oppertunities and gamble to survive and keep on moving.

# data[].attributes.body
While people value their personal moral code, this can all vanish when in a mob. Many people may hold moral codes which will be against violence or crime, but being a part of a mob can cause actions you may not be a part of if you were alone Being in a mob creates a need to do thing due to the need to contribute or fear of being guilty or singled out for not participating.

# data[].attributes.body
Physiological:
The characteristics of or appropriate to an organism's health or normal functions

Starvation results in

Malnutrition

Fatigue

Dehydration

Constipation

Bone loss

High blood pressure

and many more

Sources:

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/physiological

http://www.stylecraze.com/articles/serious-side-effects-of-starving/#gref

# data[].attributes.body
The World Food Programme has provided more than a million students and 318,000  pregnant mother or breastfeeding mothers with food as well. In total, WFP is now feeding and supporting over 6 million Malawians.
Source:
http://www1.wfp.org/countries/malawi

# data[].attributes.body
Save The Children Organization has bee working in many districts directly or through their partners in order to assist and save children in their time of need. Save The Children has helped over 47,000 families feed their children, supported over 212,000 children who are i crisis, and has helped 4,800,000 children have a healthy start in their lives.
Source:
http://www.savethechildren.org/site/c.8rKLIXMGIpI4E/b.6150451/k.B6DE/Malawi.htm

# data[].attributes.body
Three times of people are affected by the famine compared to 25 years ago.

While Food Aid is helping those affected by the famine, this is not solving the issue of how to prevent the next food shortage

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
arvest should be the time for celebrations, weddings and full bellies in southern Malawi. But Christopher Witimani, Lilian Matafle and their seven children and four grandchildren had nothing to celebrate last week as they picked their meagre maize crop.

Last year's drought, followed by erratic rains, hit the village of Nkhotakota hard. But this year the rains never came and, for a second year running, the family grain store is empty. If they manage their savings carefully and eat just one small meal a day, they may just have enough food for two more months.

By August, said Irish charity Concern Worldwide, they and tens of thousands of other small farmers in southern Malawi will have completely run out of food, with no prospect of another harvest for at least seven months. With nothing to sell and no chance of earning money, Witimani, Matafle and family will starve.

"I am worried the children will starve to death. I don't know what to do," said Matafle.

"We need food. We are in a desperate situation," her husband added.

Countries are just waking up to the most serious global food crisis of the last 25 years. Caused by the strongest El Niño weather event since 1982, droughts and heatwaves have ravaged much of India, Latin America and parts of south-east Asia. But the worst effects of this natural phenomenon, which begins with waters warming in the equatorial Pacific, are to be found in southern Africa. A second consecutive year without rain now threatens catastrophe for some of the poorest people in the world.

The scale of the crisis unfolding in 10 or more southern African countries has shocked the United Nations. Lulled into thinking that Ethiopia in 1985 was the last of the large-scale famines affecting many millions, donor countries have been slow to pledge funds or support. More than $650m and 7.9m tonnes of food are needed immediately, says the UN. By Christmas, the situation will have become severe.

Malawi, Mozambique, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Madagascar, Angola and Swaziland have already declared national emergencies or disasters, as have seven of South Africa's nine provinces. Other countries, including Botswana and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, have also been badly hit. President Robert Mugabe has appealed for $1.5bn to buy food for Zimbabwe and Malawi is expected to declare that more than 8 million people, or half the country, will need food aid by November.

Serena Gadinala, from the in Neno district of Malawi, has tried different planting techniques but nothing worked and her crops continue to wilt. Photograph: Tamara van Vliet/OCHA

More than 31 million people in the region are said by the UN to need food now, but this number is expected to rise to at least 49 million across almost all of southern Africa by Christmas. With 12 million more hungry people in Ethiopia, 7 million in Yemen, 6 million in Southern Sudan and more in the Central African Republic and Chad, a continent-scale food crisis is unfolding.

"Food security across southern Africa will start deteriorating by July, reaching its peak between December 2016 and April 2017," says the UN's office for humanitarian affairs. The regional cereal deficit already stands at 7.9m tonnes and continues to put upward pressure on market prices, which are already showing unprecedented increases, diminishing purchasing power and thereby reducing food access. As food insecurity tightens and water scarcity increases due to the drought, there are early signs of acute malnutrition in Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabawe.

For Coco Ushiyama, head of the UN's World Food Programme in Lilongwe, Malawi's capital, just working out how to import a million tonnes of food, needed to support between five million and eight million people in Malawi over the next 12 months, is proving nightmarishly difficult. With no guarantees of money from donors, she cannot buy the food on the open market, or book ships and transport.

"We are very concerned. Last year, like many other countries in the region, Malawi had a double disaster with erratic rains and then floods which led into droughts," said Ushiyama. "Last year, 2.8 million people were affected. Then we had a deficit of 220,000 tonnes of food. This year, we are anticipating it will be four times as bad. The maize price is already exceptionally high.

"We are monitoring 50 markets throughout the country and already they are seeing abnormally high prices. We have very worryingly high admission rates for childhood malnutrition in health clinics. In some areas it is very serious already and it is likely to get much more serious. It will be a regional issue," she said.

The government has declared a disaster and will publish a new assessment of its needs in the next few weeks. The vice-president, Saulos Chilima, has said that about 1.3m tonnes of maize will be needed.

Politicians may talk of going on to the world market to buy a million tonnes of maize, but Ushiyama is unsure where it will come from. There is usually enough food in the region, but South Africa, which usually exports a million tonnes of food a year, will need to import 3.5m tonnes this year. Only Zambia may have enough food to export and it has imposed restrictions, she said.

"South Africa is in trouble. Nearby Zambia has had a better harvest than most countries but it has put export restrictions on its food. If we import it [from outside Africa], the food will take four to six months [to arrive]. We have learned from experience that the rains start in November so the roads will be terrible when the food is most needed and some lorry drivers will refuse to come. By November, we will need to have pre-positioned food in key areas. But to get it there by then means ordering the food right now," she said.

People are divide pulses among themselves at a United Nations World Food Programme food distribution centre in Chikwawa district, Malawi. Photograph: Tamara van Vliet/OCHA

Finding the cash to feed possibly 50 million people for eight or more months is the biggest problem of all, says the UN, because Africa's slow-burn crisis must compete with Middle East wars, refugees and natural disasters for attention. According to the UN, which is holding an unprecedented humanitarian summit this week in Istanbul, 125 million people worldwide need long-term assistance and a further 60 million have been forced from their homes by war, violence and disaster.

More than $1.5bn has been requested by southern African governments, says Ocha, the UN's Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, but less than a quarter of this has been pledged. Officially, the deficit is $677 million (87%) but this will grow when countries complete their assessments of the harvests in the next few weeks.

"The window for responding in a meaningful manner is closing rapidly," said Shadrack Omol, senior adviser to the UN children's fund, Unicef. "The concern is that slow-onset emergencies, like the one we are dealing with in southern Africa, do not get enough attention because they creep up on us."

John Makina, Oxfam country director in Malawi, said: "The donors just do not have the money; there is donor fatigue. Malawi has been hit by drought, then floods, then drought. The donors are getting tired of it. In 2015, Malawi alone needed $170m. In 2016-17, it will be far more.

"The full impact will be felt from October to March 2017. It's looking really bad. The most affected will be the poorest and jobless. They will end up selling what little they possess. The price of maize flour has already gone to 9,000 kwachas (£8.70) for 50kg. It will double again for sure," he said.

International development minister Nick Hurd, who has visited Mozambique, wants Britain to lead the humanitarian effort. But money cannot be given directly to the country following a corruption scandal, and the government must work through a consortium of NGOs, providing food vouchers, medical aid and food-for-work schemes.

"We cannot and will not stand idly by while millions suffer. Britain is playing a leading role in helping countries across Africa to cope with the impact of El Niño. Support for people affected by El Niño is important to Africa and also firmly in Britain's national interest," says Hurd.

In villages across southern Africa, people are fearful, unsure how they will survive. In Mozambique, where Britain is contributing £11.8m over three years, some food aid has arrived in the village of Mblalava.

A farmer tries to grow crops with the help of a United Nations supported irrigation scheme in the Neno district of Malawi. Photograph: Tamara van Vliet/OCHA

The women are ecstatic: "It's been two and a half years since we had good rain," said Rosita Chauque, a mother of three. "When the drought started we used to be able to find vegetables in the bush, but even these have gone now. We used to make and sell charcoal, but there are so many other people doing that now it's not possible. We have thought of leaving, but where to? We have no crops in the fields, no food for the cattle and nothing for ourselves. There is no water, no grass. People are selling their animals. They have no other resources. There is a lot of suffering."

"The situation is critical," said Abdoulaye Balde, the World Food Programme country director in Mozambique's capital, Maputo. "We are at the point of no return."

Droughts and "hungry seasons" are common throughout southern Africa, but the breadth of this year's crisis is very unusual, says Caoimhe de Barra, Malawi country director of Concern Worldwide. Her frontline workers see rural people already employing traditional coping strategies, including eating wild foods, taking children out of school, selling their animals and assets.

"Early action is key. If we can start supporting people now, we can save lives and prevent an even worse situation later this year. People are not currently dying of hunger but the overall health of the population will be severely affected by hunger-related illnesses. Malnutrition will blight the life chances of countless more Malawian children," she said.

The secretary general of the International Red Cross, Elhadj As Sy, who visited Malawi and Zimbabwe last week, said: "Much more needs to be done to support communities to survive and strive over the coming months. We met families who have received no external support and who are simply desperate. We need to urgently scale up our interventions to prevent this situation from becoming a catastrophe," he said.

Relief from Africa's long drought may finally be coming, says the World Meteorological Organisation, which is monitoring the temperature of waters in the Pacific. These are said to be cooling rapidly and are expected to be "neutral" by mid-June. That, says the UN, signals the coming end of the El Niño, the droughts and the worldwide heatwaves.

The effects, however, will not be felt in southern Africa until April 2017 when the next main harvest should be in. But, says the WMO, there may be a sting in the tale. There is a 50:50 chance that the continent will be hit from September by El Niño's climatic "twin", known as La Niña, which develops as the Pacific Ocean equatorial waters cool after an El Niño.

Instead of droughts, La Niña usually brings heavier monsoon rains in south-east Asia and much cooler and wetter conditions in southern Africa.

"We pray hard for rain and then we must pray harder that it stops. Is there no end of extreme weather?" said Malawian villager Richard Kapenda.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Across Africa, the worst food crisis since 1985 looms for 50 million

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A second year without rain threatens to bring catastrophe for some of the poorest people in the world. Donor countries, in the grip of wars and refugee crises, have been slow to pledge funds. But by the time they do, it could be too late

# data[].attributes.body
When a boy and a girl decide to get married, they both inform their families about their decision. Afterwards meeting take place between family representatives to  discuss about the engagement, introduce the family they represent, and agree on the day of the marriage. When the date is agreed upon, both families confront the village chief to set the date of marriage then pay the chief in money or live chickens. Then a celebration is prepared for the marriage where nsima is prepared for food and thobwa for drinks which are eaten on the day of the marriage. Both families gather on the night before the marriage to drink and dance to express their happiness.
The next day the food is eaten and the marriage takes place usually after lunch.

Sourse:
http://www.explore-malawi.com/travel-info/traditional-ceremonies-malawi

# data[].attributes.body
1.Government selling excess food and gain nothing from it.
2. Government trying to hoard what ever food they had which spoiled later on
3.No one takes blame for losing money for selling surplus food.

# data[].attributes.body
1.People in search of hand outs for food
2. No extra food for the silos
3.Government sold all of the extra surplus food and gained no money
4. Prices of Maize rising
5. Limiting meals per day

# data[].attributes.body
"Corruption"

"My Father was right. We were headed for a disaster, but even he didn't know how bad it would get."

William discovers something new and begins coming up with ideas, but the country of Malawi is running out of food and even more with a corrupt government.

# data[].attributes.body
1.The genocide of Rwanda included the majority of the Rwanda population, which were Hutu, to hunt down and kill the minority which were Tutsi as well as anyone else who opposed the genocide.
2.About 200,000 people of Hutu participated in the genocide and was spurred by propaganda from multiple sources
3. The Tutsi people were higher s society and had social, economical, and political ascendancy over the Hutu
Source:
https://www.britannica.com/event/Rwanda-genocide-of-1994

# data[].attributes.body
The deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.
source:
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/genocide

# data[].attributes.body
Anemia is a condition in which you don't have enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to the body's tissues. Having anemia may make you feel tired and weak.
source:
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anemia/home/ovc-20183131

# data[].attributes.body
Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests in order to make the land available for other uses.
In Malawi, wood is used for everything from buildings to fuel for fires. Yet deforestation made it difficult for many people to come across wood in nature causing Malawians to buy wood from other places, Also the lack of trees has exposed the soil the sun and rain which has ruined the soil making farming difficult.
Article: http://www.rippleafrica.org/environment-projects-in-malawi-africa/deforestation-in-africa

# data[].attributes.body
https://cdn.sparkfun.com/assets/6/3/9/5/e/521f92ee757b7fbe778b456c.pngDirect current only has one direction which electricity flows through a circuit. Direct Current has a set polarity with a single direction of flow.
1.Batteries  provide electricity through directional current
2.Cell phones, flat screen T.V.'s, and other home applications use Direct currents
3. AC generators equipped with commutators can generate a Direct Current
source:
https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/alternating-current-ac-vs-direct-current-dc#direct-current-dc

# data[].attributes.body
Alternating current is a current of electricity which polarity whether be it positive or negative is changing over time. So the flow of electricity throughout the circuit will change direction.
1. Alternating current is mostly comes from an electrical source such as rotary electromagnetic generators
2. Alternating current is far more efficient in distributing energy.
3. Alternating Currents are used for high power  applications

source:
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/alternating-current/chpt-1/what-is-alternating-current-ac/

# data[].attributes.body
1. The light emitted by bicycle dynamos are measured in either lux or lumens, but each measure different things about the light with lux being the intensity of light and lumens measuring the amount of visible light
2. Bicycle dynamos are looked down upon by American and many of the British population because of the dynamo making many noises, slows down the tire, and the light goes out as soon as you stop. This is no longer the case with newer dynamos.
3. Bicycle made in many European countries are designed to easily use and install a bicycle dynamo
4. There are three types of dynamos called Bottle Dynamo, Bottom, Bracket or "Roller dynamos, and Hun dynamos
5. Bottle Dynamos can become problematic in the rain where the wheel and the tire become slippery and ineffective

# data[].attributes.body
Maize Farming.
"We call this period "the hungry season."
Through curiosity William and Geoffrey begin a business in fixing radios and are hard at work farming.

# data[].attributes.body
Simile:
"The maize leaves looked like onions, brown and brittle"
Personification:
"staring at the sacks as if he'd just asked them a question."

# data[].attributes.body
1. Farmers would clear fields, dig ridges and plant before it begins to rain.
2. Work begins in July where land is cleared of last years harvest.
3. In August an November, new dirt, rows and ridges are dug
4. It begins to rain on the first week of December and continues to March. When rain falls, holes or gashes are made in the soil where the several seeds are then dropped into the opening.
5. After a couple weeks of rain, fertilizer is then applied.
6. From May to September, Maize is in abundance.
7. Fertilizer is then bought in December during the planting season again and the cycle begins anew.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Grasshoppers are 80% edible protein compared to other farm animals like the cow which is 40% beef
2. Grasshoppers can be used in many ingredients and foods which are already being used in places in the world.
3.  Grasshoppers caught in the wild, and especially around farms can be dangerous due to pesticides
4.  Bugs such as grasshoppers are rich in protein  and minerals as well as being lower in cholesterol compared to beef and pork
5. Grasshoppers have medical values as well, with grasshopper legs and water treating kidney diseases

sources:
https://globalfoodbook.com/astonishing-benefits-of-grasshoppers/

https://www.wired.com/2015/03/well-eat-grasshoppersonce-know-raise/

# data[].attributes.body
Sustainable:
Capable of being supported or upheld.
Ethical:
being in accordance with the rules or standards for right conduct or practice
Feasible:
capable of being done, effected, or accomplished
http://www.dictionary.com/

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.edutopia.org/blog/why-curiosity-enhances-learning-marianne-stenger

# data[].attributes.body
"Hardships and an Unexpected Friend."
"Soon, the value of our burley tobacco was so low that many farmers didn't bother growing it."
Wiliam's Uncle has just passed away, but Wiliam soon makes a friend from a dog and goes hunting with his cousins

# data[].attributes.body
In "TBWHTW", William Kamkwamba wanted to become strong as a boy and was offered mangolomera by another boy. Mangolomera in African culture is a magical substance which gives imminence strength. William agreed to the offer but realized  that he was cheated after being beat up by a larger kid. William learned that he shouldn't rely on magic or think twice about his actions.

# data[].attributes.body
Article: http://www.umb.no/statisk/clts/papers/CLTS_WP4_2013.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
"Trywell"
The life and story of William's father and how he met William's mother.

'"Just a bit longer," my father would say, his body covered in mud from head to toe."

# data[].attributes.body
Robert Fumulani was one of Malawi's most popular band leaders of the late 1980's and 1990's. Robert won the Malawi's "Entertainer of the Year" award three times and his musical legacy is kept alive by three of his seven sons.

# data[].attributes.body
Article: http://blogs.voanews.com/music-time-in-africa/2008/02/26/musical-sunshine-from-malawi/
Songs:
The Kachamba Brothers
"Malawi Moto"
"Malawi Cha-cha-cha"
Robert Fumulani and the Likuhubula River Dance Band
"Patrica"
"Mwana Wanga"
"Malangizo Anu"
Evision Matafale "Yang'ana Nkhope"
Joseph Tembo "Dimingu"
Coss Chiwalo "Wakawatiwa"

# data[].attributes.body
Hastings Kamuzu Banda was born in Africa sometime around 1898. When he grew older traveled to America and Britain to receive education to become a doctor and graduated. When he returned to Africa, he freed Malawi from British rule and became president for life. Banda used cult of personality, presenting him self as  a person who should be loved and admired, by forcing there to be a mural of him on every building and to be praised though out Malawi.
Source: http://biography.jrank.org/pages/2838/Banda-Hastings-Kamuzu.html

# data[].attributes.body
Yao people live in various tribes that traded between other inland African tribes as well as Arabs from the east coast of Africa. The Yao mostly traded slaves at the time and by the 1900's the various Yao tribes fell under Portuguese, British, and German rule. Contact with Arabs has caused most of the Yao people to become Muslims and have used Islamic traditions as well as their own.
Source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Yao-African-people

# data[].attributes.body
Gule wamkulu: Performed by the Chewa secret societies, the Gule Wamkulu is a masked dance which takes place at male initiation ceremonies, funerals, and major local and national celebrations.
source: http://www.malawiproject.org/about-malawi/history/gule-wamkulu/

Magic/Juju: In Africa, many still believe in witchcraft and magic. Their belief in magic can be found in many aspects of their lives whether be it in politics or cultural rituals and even in medicine.

Black Rhino: In an African legend there is a black rhino who brought havoc to African villages. Black rhinos also represented evil as well as aggression
source:http://www.sahumanities.org/ojs/index.php/SAH/article/view/346

# data[].attributes.body
"Magic"
Chapter One gives insight on African culture and is about a part of William's Childhood as he grew up in Africa.
"Where people saw garbage in those cartons, we saw  treasure and possibility."

# data[].attributes.body
Prolog: An introduction to a discourse, novel or poem
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/prologue
Memoir: A record of events written by a person having intimate knowledge of them and based on personal observation

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/memoir?s=t
Theme:  a subject or topic of discourse or of artistic representation
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theme
Universal Theme: A universal theme is an idea that applies to anyone regardless of cultural  differences, or geographic location
http://go.sdsu.edu/education/projectcore/files/03252-6_Universal_Themes.pdf
Epilogue:  a section or speech at the end of a book or play that serves as a comment on or a conclusion to what has happened
Allusion:  :An expression designed to reference something famed or of great importance.

# data[].attributes.body
William Kamkwamba is the author of TBWHTW which is about how he brought power to his village in Africa by building a windmill
Source: https://www.ted.com/talks/william_kamkwamba_on_building_a_windmill

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
When he was just 14 years old, Malawian inventor William Kamkwamba built his family an electricity-generating windmill from spare parts, working from rough plans he found in a library book.

# data[].attributes.body
Memoirs are a passage of an individual's life. In the book TBWHTW, the author William Kamkwamba has wrote memoirs from his life in Africa. Memoirs are done in first person point of view with the one making the memoir being the main character of the story. Memoirs are a specific and important event that has taken place in the person's life
Sources:
-http://www.smoran.ednet.ns.ca/writing/characteristics_of_the_memoir.htm
-https://prezi.com/jlvxcippxhch/characteristics-of-a-memoir/

# data[].attributes.body
Windmills harnesses wind energy by using wind to turn its large blades to generate electricity. Here is a video to go into more detail of how a Windmill functions. William Kamkwamba built a windmill to generate electricity to his village in Africa

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSWm_nprfqE

# data[].attributes.body
The setting TBWHTW takes place in Africa in the village of Wimbe, the home of William Kamkwamba

Sources :https://www.africaguide.com/afmap.htm

# data[].attributes.body
Info text strategies:
Using annotations to make marks to symbolize something such as something you have learned or find interesting or what you think is important.
source: http://examples.yourdictionary.com/annotation-examples.html

Info text features:
Text features are used to enhance the reader's experience of reading the main text whether by helping them navigate through the text, learn additional information that was not presented in the text or through other means as well
sources: http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-text-feature-definition-examples.html

Info text structure:
Text structure is how the information in a text is organized Text structure helps readers understand the main idea as well as details.
source :http://www.adlit.org/strategies/23336/