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Bacterial Transformation is the process by which bacterial cells take up naked DNA molecules. If the foreign DNA has an origin of replication recognized by the host cell DNA polymerases, the bacteria will replicate the foreign DNA along with their own DNA.

Transgenic Info
>In Agriculture(GMOs,  Transgenic Crops) >Industry (Spidersilk, Material Production) >Medicine(Cows producing insulin in milk, Chicken eggs with extra functioning genes)

Cloning
What you're trying to do with cloning is create life using means other than that which was ordained by natural processes. It is clearly unethical because we must initially consider why we are cloning in the first place. If it were to replace living peoples' damaged organs, a new person would grow up having only been brought up for the purpose of being a scientific experiment which will later be used as an object by someone else. If you create a clone, do they not have the same rights as the original? Also I do not think cloning is responsible. The world is already overpopulated  and we do not need a bunch of clones taking up space. Second, it would be very confusing because people might confuse a clone with the original person. It is just not a good idea.

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MedlinePlus Genetics provides information about the effects of genetic variation on human health. Learn about genetic conditions, genes, chromosomes, and more.

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The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the sequence of nucleotide base pairs which make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint.

Gene Therapy the transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders.

Gene therapy plays a role in SCIDS and cystic fibrosis because if a person could replace their ineffective genes with new ones that work

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Table of Contents

gel electrophoresis, any of several techniques used to separate molecules of DNA, RNA, or protein on the basis of their size or electric charge. Gel electrophoresis has a variety of applications; for example, it is used in DNA fingerprinting and the detection of genetic variants and proteins involved in health and disease as well as in the detection and purification of nucleic acids and proteins for research. It is also used to aid in the detection of pathogens (disease-causing organisms) that may be present in blood or other tissues or in sources such as food. In many instances, nucleic acids or proteins that are detected and purified with gel electrophoresis are investigated further by means of DNA sequencing or mass spectrometry.

The gel electrophoresis apparatus consists of a gel, which is often made from agar or polyacrylamide, and an electrophoretic chamber (typically a hard plastic box or tank) with a cathode (negative terminal) at one end and an anode (positive terminal) at the opposite end. The gel, which contains a series of wells at the cathode end, is placed inside the chamber and covered with a buffer solution. The samples are then loaded into the wells with a pipette. The chamber is connected to a power supply that, when turned on, applies an electric field to the buffer. The electric field causes negatively charged molecules to migrate through the gel toward the anode. (DNA and RNA are negatively charged; proteins must be treated with a detergent to give them a negative charge.) The molecules' movement is influenced by the porous gel matrix such that larger, heavier molecules move relatively slowly, whereas smaller, lighter molecules move more quickly. The density of pores and the type of substance used to make the gel further influence the rate of molecule migration. Often a dyed "ladder," or marker with multiple molecules of known and varying molecular weights, is run alongside experimental samples to serve as a reference for size. The dye enables the visualization of the marker as it moves through the gel; samples typically are also dyed for visualization. A dye known as ethidium bromide, which fluoresces under ultraviolet light, frequently is used for crisp visualization of DNA samples.

Kara Rogers

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Gel electrophoresis | DNA Separation & Analysis

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Gel electrophoresis, any of several techniques used to separate molecules of DNA, RNA, or protein on the basis of their size or electric charge. Gel electrophoresis has a variety of applications; for example, it is used in DNA fingerprinting and the detection of genetic variants and proteins

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Gel Electrophoresis is a laboratory method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size. In gel electrophoresis, the molecules to be separated are pushed by an electrical field through a gel that contains small pores.

The first step to gel electrophoresis is to set the gel matrix. Agarose is used to separate DNA molecules, and acrylamide is used to separate proteins. The gel starts off as a liquid, which is poured into a molding tray. A comb is placed in the liquid matrix so that when the matrix solidifies, wells are formed to load samples in them. Once the gel has solidified, it is removed from the mold and placed in a special apparatus where current can be applied. A buffer that can act as a conductor of electricity is poured around the matrix.The samples of bio molecules are usually mixed with a substance of high density (a viscous dye) so that they sink to the bottom of the well instead of floating away in the buffer. The dye also helps track the progress of the experiment. Each sample is loaded in a separate well. One of the wells is usually assigned for loading a marker, which has a set of fragments whose sizes are already known in order to allow for comparison with the samples being loaded.

When the current is switched on, the samples tend to move towards the positively charged side of the apparatus since the phosphate backbones of the molecules confer a negative charge on them. After the samples have run a sufficient distance, the matrix is studied to view the bands that are formed by the separation of the molecules.