# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 5: Development and Transformation of Social Structures

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 5: Development and Transformation of Social Structures

# data[].attributes.body
1. The middle class was the dominant and most numerous class during World War II.
2. Gender equality came closer to reality when women took over men's jobs during the World Wars.
3. A powerful feminist movement swept the United States and Canada in the 1960s and 70s.
4. Globally, there was a social split between the North and the South.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 4: Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 4: Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems

# data[].attributes.body
1. The Great Depression in the 1930s negatively impacted the economies of countries all over the world.
2. Many countries experimented with communist economies.
3. There was an economic split between developed countries and developing countries.
4. During the first half of the twentieth century, the West fully industrialized.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 3: State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 3: State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict

# data[].attributes.body
1. World War I and II reshaped global affairs. Europe's dominance was greatly weakened, and the United States rose to power.
2. After WWII, the Cold War persisted for decades between the United States and the USSR.
3. During the mid-twentieth century, there was a massive wave of decolonization.
4. Between the world wars, democracies were weak forms of government that were easily taken down, and dictatorships were the smartest form of government.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 2: Development and Interaction of Culture

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 2: Development and Interaction of Culture

# data[].attributes.body
1. Mass media and technology created new forms of culture with radio, television, etc.
2. Art during the twentieth century was incredible different and experimental, flirting with abnormality.
3. Science and technology became even more complex with the development of physics, genetics, biotechnology, and many more.
4. After World War II, culture moved from a modern era to a post modern era.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 1: Interaction Between Humans and the Environment

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 1: Interaction Between Humans and the Environment

# data[].attributes.body
1. Faster transportation encouraged the global spread of epidemics such as HIV/AIDS.
2. Occasional famines struck different parts of the world, for example in China during Mao's Great Leap Forward.
3. A Green Revolution occurred, spreading new agricultural techniques around the world.

# data[].attributes.body
Modern (1900 - present)

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 5: Development and Transformation of Social Structures

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 5: Development and Transformation of Social Structures

# data[].attributes.body
1. Industrialization transformed the structure of classes. Traditional systems faded, and the lower class shrank as the middle and working classes arose.
2. Cities grew in size with increasing urbanization.
3. In the West, awareness of the bad treatment of women began to spread, even though not much was yet done about it.
4. Working conditions were horrible and dangerous during the industrial revolution.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 4: Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems.

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 4: Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems.

# data[].attributes.body
1. The Opium War in China suggested economic imperialism of Western countries.
2. In America, the middle and working classes emerged as more prominent.
3. Widespread industrialization caused development in economic systems all over the world.
4. The development of a money-based economy emerged with increasing banks, stock markets, and other modern financial features.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 3: State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 3: State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict

# data[].attributes.body
1. The Western world had nation-states emerging more than any other type of political organization.
2. Other parts of the world, such as the Ottoman Empire, still had traditional political organizations.
3. European and US imperialism caused countries to become colonies to the West.
4. Toward the late 1800s, there had started to be emerging tensions between countries, which suggested an upcoming war.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 2: Development and Interaction of Culture

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 2: Development and Interaction of Culture

# data[].attributes.body
1. Technological development was almost constant thanks to the industrial revolution.
2. Nationalism became a powerful ideology throughout Europe.
3. Ideas of racial superiority caused mainly by social Darwinism increased.
4. In Europe especially, a more secular and scientific world view was used.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 1 Interaction Between Humans and the Environment

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 1 Interaction Between Humans and the Environment

# data[].attributes.body
1. The development of vaccinations started to limit the spread of diseases, but increased transportation contributed to more spreading.
2. Industrialization caused earth-shaping projects to happen, such as the building of the Suez Canal.
3. Industrialization caused increased pollution.
4. There was a global wave of migration.

# data[].attributes.body
Long 19th Century (1750-1900)

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 5: Development nd Transformation of Social Structures

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 5: Development nd Transformation of Social Structures

# data[].attributes.body
1. Mixed populations developed in new colonies in the Americas. For example, creoles, mestizos, and mulattos.
2. Women started to become active in businesses and get a better education.
3. Peasant labor became more widely used and more intensely used.
4. The encomienda system developed in the Americas.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 4: Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 4: Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems

# data[].attributes.body
1. Incorporating the Americas into the economy made it a truly global economic system.
2. Mercantilism was the dominant economic principle, especially when it came to new colonies.
3. The increased extraction of precious metals caused for inflation globally.
4. The Silk Road finally declined for good.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 3: State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 3: State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict

# data[].attributes.body
1. The Age of Exploration caused Europe to develop colonies across the entire world.
2. Government began to become more centralized.
3. Protestant-Catholic religious wars spread throughout Europe.
4. New gunpowder empires arose, such as the Mughal Empire.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 2: Development and Interaction of Culture

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 2: Development and Interaction of Culture

# data[].attributes.body
1. The Renaissance brought with it great artistic development.
2. The Scientific Revolution made people think about the world differently, literally with Copernicus's heliocentric theory.
3. The Protestant Reformation created religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics.
4. The printing press spread information a lot quicker and helped with the Protestant Reformation especially.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 1: Interaction Between Humans and the Environment

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 1: Interaction Between Humans and the Environment

# data[].attributes.body
1. Exploration connected the Americas with Afro-Eurasia.
2. Disease was transmitted to the Americas causing the population to decrease drastically.
3. Several crops came to Eurasia from the Americas, corn and potatoes being the most important and altering the diets of people there.
4. The migration of people between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas.

# data[].attributes.body
Early Modern (1450-1750)

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 5: Development and Transformation of Social Structures

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 5: Development and Transformation of Social Structures

# data[].attributes.body
1. Most settled societies remained being mainly agricultural.
2. Women had strict occupations that were mostly involving keeping the home and raising children.
3. There was a gradual growth of artisan classes.
4. The Christian patriarchy held witch hunts.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 4: Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 4: Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems

# data[].attributes.body
1. New trading organizations developed, such as the Hanseatic League.
2. Technological innovation with ship design expanded trade.
3. Japan develops serfdom.
4. The Silk Road has a revival.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 3: State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 3: State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict

# data[].attributes.body
1. The Ottoman Empire developed in 1299.
2. Japan's form of government with shoguns and daimyo developed.
3. Mansa Musa ruled over Mali in the 1300s.
4. Mongols took over China and started the Yuan dynasty in 1271.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 2: Development and Interaction of Culture

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 2: Development and Interaction of Culture

# data[].attributes.body
1. Islam was born in the Middle East.
2. Chinese block typing influenced the invention of the printing press.
3. The Renaissance brought humanism to Europe.
4. Neo-Confucianism developed as a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 1: Interaction Between Humans and the Environment

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 1: Interaction Between Humans and the Environment

# data[].attributes.body
1. The Black Death epidemic struck Eurasia in the 1300s.
2. Increase of agricultural production heightened the risk of soil erosion and deforestation.
3. Vikings migrated across Europe.
4. The Little Ice Age begins in the 1200s.

# data[].attributes.body
Post-Classical (600 - 1450)

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 5: Development and Transformation of Social Structures

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 5: Development and Transformation of Social Structures

# data[].attributes.body
1. Major cities developed for trade and government.
2. Paterfamilias in Rome; the patriarchy.
3. In India, the Hindu caste system was the social structure.
4. Diaspora communities around the world, the Jewish diaspora and around the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 4: Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 4: Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems

# data[].attributes.body
1. The Silk Road was one of the biggest and most important trade routes.
2. slavery and corvee labor were the main labor systems across the world.
3. Standard currencies developed.
4. Trade over sea developed more.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 2: Development and Interaction of Culture

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 2: Development and Interaction of Culture

# data[].attributes.body
1. More religions arose, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity.
2. Polythesitic religions arose in America that stressed sacrifices.
3. Greco-Roman philosophy and thinkers became important.
4. Alexander the Great spread Hellenism across Eurasia.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 3: State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 3: State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict

# data[].attributes.body
1. All empires around the world expanded.
2. The importance of cities increased as they became centers of government.
3. Authority was centralized.
4. Codes of law increased political and social stability.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 1: Interaction Between Humans and the Environment

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 1: Interaction Between Humans and the Environment

# data[].attributes.body
1. Epidemics such as the bubonic plague spread.
2. Polynesian migrations through the Pacific ocean.
3. Societies in the Americas remained isolated from Eurasia.
4. Aqueducts became the water system in Europe.

# data[].attributes.body
Classical (600 BCE - 600 CE)

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 5: Development and Transformation of Social Structures

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 5: Development and Transformation of Social Structures

# data[].attributes.body
1. Early hunter-forager societies were family and clan based.
2. Because of agriculture and food surpluses, there was labor specialization.
3. Social classes developed, with clergy, artisans, warriors, merchants, and slaves.
4. Men were superior to women.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 4: Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 4: Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems

# data[].attributes.body
1. Agriculture came with the Neolithic Revolution.
2. Trade networks expanded overseas.
3. Slavery became a popular labor system.
4. Hunting and foraging was the economic system before plant domestication.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 3: State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 3: State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict

# data[].attributes.body
1. The first states grew out of the river valley civilizations.
2.Governments were monarchies and oligarchies.
3. Governments created law codes such as the Code of Hammurabi.
4. Organized warfare became more common.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 2: Development and Interaction of Culture

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 2: Development and Interaction of Culture

# data[].attributes.body
1. People started using writing, such as cuneiform.
2. Literature was introduced as a form of entertainment and education.
3. Organized religions arose.
4. People created art with pottery, paintings, etc.

# data[].attributes.headline
Theme 1: Interaction Between Humans and the Environment

# data[].attributes.subject
Theme 1: Interaction Between Humans and the Environment

# data[].attributes.body
1. People learned how to shape the environment using tools.
2. The Bantu migrations began
3. People started mining, affecting the environment.
4. People built canals and made irrigation systems.

# data[].attributes.body
River Valley Civilizations (3000-600 BCE)