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As you read this chapter, can you combine the information from the primary source excerpts, tables, figures, maps, and text to create a persuasive understanding of westward migration and demographic changes in the United States from 1790 to 1860?

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As you read this chapter, can you combine the information from the primary source excerpts, tables, figures, maps, and text to create a persuasive understanding of westward migration and demographic changes in the United States from 1790 to 1860?

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In this time period, the population of the United States was growing rapidly at a rate where it doubled every 25 years; just as it had in colonial times. One of the many reasons for this population was the huge influx of foreigners to the Americas. Western expansion was not only an american trend but a global trend as many europeans left their homelands for countries across the atlantic. The most notable of foreign immigrants were the Irish who fled famine and religious persecution by the British. They fled to New York and Boston for better lives, but when they came they were forced into slums while the old American population was headed westward. Over time their position grew and the Irish became influential in American politics. Another noteworthy migrant group was the german population who fled their respective countries (later part of Germany) to enjoy the peaceful democracy of American government (there were other reasons but this was the most significant.) America's move westward throughout the continent was seen as prosperous in the eyes of foreigners and those in the eastern states who wished to move west; however, this was not normally the case. Westward expansion meant hardship and little prosperity. This westward expansion did bring about a sustained national unity because of America's natural, untouched beauty.

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In this chapter, the authors maintain that “clearly the early factory system did not shower its benefits evenly on all.” What relevant historical evidence can you find in this chapter or the previous ones that supports, modifies, or refutes this assertion?

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In this chapter, the authors maintain that “clearly the early factory system did not shower its benefits evenly on all.” What relevant historical evidence can you find in this chapter or the previous ones that supports, modifies, or refutes this assertion?

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As many immigrants came from foreign lands, namely Ireland, there was much need for work. Sadly, for many Irish the ability to work in a factory wasn't always an option. Many factories put up signs saying "No Irish Need Apply (NINA)"  As a result most were forced to work as maids or on railroads.

There were also considerably demoralizing working conditions for factory workers where the factories were poorly ventilated, lighted and heated. Some children would even be whipped to get the job done. Women's jobs were being replaced and few were getting their jobs back. When they did the jobs were harsh and the work day could be 13 hours long. Factory jobs for women provided them the ability to be economically independent, but only if you were lucky enough to get a job.

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What caused the market and transportation revolutions of the nineteenth century? As you read this chapter, how many different reasons for the development of these changes can you identify?

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What caused the market and transportation revolutions of the nineteenth century? As you read this chapter, how many different reasons for the development of these changes can you identify?

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The invention of the railroad, steamboat, canal, and better roads.
Thousands of foreign immigrants migrating to america for political refuge or economical (famine) refuge.
Population doubled every 25 years and majority of population was under 30 years old.
The main cause of the transportation revolution was the need for manifest destiny, riches, and more land.

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What effects did the movement from a subsistence to a market economy have on American society, including farmers, laborers, and women? What were the advantages and disadvantages of the change?

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What effects did the movement from a subsistence to a market economy have on American society, including farmers, laborers, and women? What were the advantages and disadvantages of the change?

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The market revolution meant many things for the common person. The most notable is that this revolution led to greater economic opportunity for businesses. This revolution centered around continental economy rather than a localized economy. Instead of goods homemade by the entire family, goods were made elsewhere and the family bought these goods with money made from other jobs. This led to the increased value of the women's roll in society. As jobs became centralized rather than localized it was a woman's job to take care of the family's morals and not the productivity of the family. This revolution also decreased the rolls of towering monopolies over the free people. This meant more diversity  and more competition to make better, cheaper products. In this economy, the richer became richer and the poorer became poorer. This age meant that those who were self sufficient before would have to seek jobs in order to be prosperous, but if you couldn't find a job or a high paying jobs then you were left in poverty. On the other hand, if you were prosperous before this economic revolution then you were more likely to increase your riches and and become a millionaire (which was rare before this time)

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Which technological innovation was most important for early-nineteenth-century economic development?

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Which technological innovation was most important for early-nineteenth-century economic development?

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It seems as though the invention of the steamboat was the most important to the economic development of the 1800s because it expedited import and export processes. People could now immigrate from other countries at quicker rates as well as expand westward extremely fast using the many rivers. It was also important because after this creation there was less worry for products to go bad in the time it took to export those products. Another important piece of machinery was the invention of the cotton gin which sped up the process of separating cotton from its seeds. This aided to the industrial revolution because it met the need for cotton nearly 50x faster than slaves had.

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Why was transportation—particularly the canals and the railroads—so important in the early stages of industrialization?

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Why was transportation—particularly the canals and the railroads—so important in the early stages of industrialization?

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It allowed American goods to be shipped at expedited rates compared to land based travel. It also allowed people the ability to expand westward at fast rates. Immigrants could now cross the atlantic in under 2 weeks compared to the 12 week journey that early colonists faced. The innovation of canals meant that the price of products being shipped within the United States was cut by almost half. The cost of shipping would not longer be a huge barrier in the commerce of the american economy.

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How does the image of the frontier compare with the reality of pioneer life as described in the chapter?

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How does the image of the frontier compare with the reality of pioneer life as described in the chapter?

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People of the frontier had an arduous life where they had to fend for themselves to stay alive. Many people believed that this expansion of the American people meant that they were prosperous; however, this was rarely the case. Many western settlers had little to eat and terrible places to live, which led to disease, depression, premature death. Neighbors lived far away and so many felt lonely and could even go mad after being inside for many days and having little social interaction.

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Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests