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Organisms are linked by lines of descent from common ancestry.

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The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.

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Illustrative Example: Absence of Legs in Sea Mammals (LOST)

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Illustrative Example: Absence of Legs in Sea Mammals (LOST)

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As land mammals evolved into sea mammals such as modern-day whales, traits such as legs were lost.

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Illustrative Example: Heart Chambers (DERIVED)

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Illustrative Example: Heart Chambers (DERIVED)

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4 chambered hearts was a derived characteristic of endotherms such as mammals and birds in order for them to provide more fuel and oxygen to their tissues.

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Derived Character: evolutionary novelty unique to a clade.

Ancestral Character: a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon.

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Predicting features of an ancestor by looking at the traits of its descendants.

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allows us to conjecture characteristics of an ancestor based on the traits of its descendants.

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Maximum Parsimony: that the evolutionary tree with the least evolutionary events is the correct explanation.

Maximum Likelihood: Given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events.

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Outgroup: a species that is closely related to the various species studied

Homologies shared by the outgroup and ingroup are ancestral characters that come before the two groups split from a common ancestor.

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- show speciation
- show lost traits
- show common ancestry

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Branch point (or node): divergence of 2 species

Sister Taxa: groups with an immediate common ancestor

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Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested.