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America wanted to stay out of the war. Even the sinking of the Lusitania did not do much to cause mass outrage. It was not until the Tsarist regime in Russia fell and the Communists took over that Wilson wanted to get involved. Many think that we joined because democracy was being threatened when that happened.

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Wilson asked Congress to declare war on April 2, 1917. "The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty. We have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities for ourselves, no material compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely make." Also, "It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war." Congress declared war on April 6th.

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-seas around the British Isles were declared a war zone in which fishing vessels and unarmed merchant vessels, carrying essential items such as foodstuffs, coal and iron ore, would be attacked without warning by German U-boats.
-Britain almost starved

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-German U-boats
- really "fired up" Americans due to propaganda even though not a lot of Americans were killed.

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Wilson's campaign slogan. Ironic because he didn't keep us out of war, although he wanted to.

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War boards were created to increase cooperation among businesses to support the war effort.

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Espionage Act (1917) -prohibited people from expressing or publishing opinions that would interfere with the US military’s efforts to defeat Germany and its allies. Sedition Act (1918)
-made it illegal to write or speak anything critical of American involvement in the war.

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Big Stick, Dollar, and Moral Diplomacies

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Big Stick, Dollar, and Moral Diplomacies

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Big Stick Diplomacy (Roosevelt)
- Superiority of American Protestant culture
-strong military
-economic and political stature
-applied in Latin America which lead to the building of the Panama Canal

Dollar Diplomacy (Taft)
- Focused on US wealth rather than military strength and foreign policy
- US banks assumed Latin America's debts so we could control them and they'd owe us.

Moral Diplomacy (Wilson)
-Bring peace and democracy without militarism
-focused on human rights in atin America
-defended Monroe Doctrine

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- a message that was decoded that talked about how Germany and Mexico were going to team up and take down the US.
-Secret German message to Mexico (intercepted by the US) which offered to return to Mexico the lands it lost in the Mexican-American War.

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-claimed special "police powers" in Western Hemisphere because other nations were trying to do things with Latin America

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-The migration of African Americans from the South to the North and West for jobs.
-Resulted in race riots

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- US proposed League of Nations but never joined it
-Treaty that ended World War I; it was much harder on Germany than Wilson wanted but not as punitive as France and England desired. It was harsh enough, however, to set stage for Hitler's rise of power in Germany in 1930s.

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-used for peace negotiations after World War I
-A list of foreign policy goals which Woodrow Wilson hoped to achieve in the aftermath of World War I
- 1st five points : no secret treaties, freedom of the seas, reduced/no tariffs for free trade, limit military sizes, promoted principle of "self-determination"
- Next 8 points: recommended boundary adjustments that aligned with national identities.
- 14th point: creation of the League of Nations, international association of nations that would resolve future controversies.

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-Women's Christian Temperance Union
-Prohibition and women's rights

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-basically an  extension of Sherman anti trust act
-no monopolies

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Why did we try to stay neutral?
-George Washington told us to stay out of foreign affairs
-Wilson did not want to go to war
-The United States was filled with a bunch of different ethnicities that have strong ties to their mother land

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Who was helped during the progressive movement? Who wasn't

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Who was helped during the progressive movement? Who wasn't

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-African Americans weren't helped

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"separate but equal"

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Views on Trusts
Trust-buster, but only to the ones that didn't benefit him. Will only break up big businesses if they abuse their power and don't compromise and accept government regulation.

Views on Conservation
-good
-he liked

Reasons for split with Taft
-taft wasn't progressive enough
-They split over idealogy. Roosevelt believed in breaking up "bad" trusts while allowing "good" trusts to continue. Taft opposed all trusts. Roosevelt wanted more involvement in foreign affairs, and Taft was an isolationist. Roosevelt ran against Taft in 1912. Taft went against Roosevelts views on conservation and fired Pinchot (Roosevelt's main man for conservation).

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- A lot of people died
- Made people realize that they maybe should have more safety precautions in place

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Progressive views toward social darwinism

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Progressive views toward social darwinism

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-Progressives rejected social darwinism

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-re-imposed the federal income tax following the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment and lowered basic tariff rates

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-Wrote "Progress and Poverty"
-Showed the growing gap between the rich and poor

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-Formed Socialist Part of America but didn't threaten to overthrow U.S. capitalism
-Applied Marxist ideas into a moderate and appealing political platform
-Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America.

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-More agressive than Booker T Washington
-Led the Niagra Movement calling for immediate civil rights, integrated schools, and promotion of the "Talented Tenth" to be the next generation of black civil rights leaders

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-Educated and was first president of Tuskegee University
-His "Atlanta Compromise" stressed black self-improvement but not violence. Gradual approach to equality. Was supported more than Du Bois by white politicians.

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-New industrial advances such as mass production sped up production but led to long hours, low wages, dangerous settings, labor strikes
*MASS PRODUCTION REQUIRES MASS CONSUMPTION
-Women's Trade Union League: formed to help women who were working and educate the public. Led to 1st collective bargaining victor in US labor history
-Industrial Workers of the World: urged revolution and the creation of a workers' republic by sabotage and strikes

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-United Mine Workers went on strike in demand higher pay and an 8 hour work day
-The coal strike lasted 11 months and made the nation nervous as winter was coming
-There was a White House meeting with both the owners and the union because Roosevelt wanted to hear both sides and create a compromise. The union liked this but the business owners did not.

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-Teddy Roosevelt:
-Was originally Vice President and then President McKinley was assassinated so Teddy Roosevelt became the president
-He was an activist president who knew how to guide public opinion
-He refused to ignore social inequalities
-Believed government agencies should be run by experts
-Created "the Square Deal"
-Wanted to get rid of bad trusts
-For the first time Supreme Court ordered a monopoly broken up
-Created the 1st national conservation policy

-William Howard Taft:
-Teddy Roosevelt kept his word and did not run for a third term as president so he picked William Howard Taft as a nominee for president
-Taft did not trust government to regulate business behavior
- Tended to side with conservative Republicans

-Election of 1912:
-After Taft's first term as president, Teddy Roosevelt decided he wanted to run for president again (despite him saying he wouldn't run a third time)
-Since Taft and Roosevelt both were republican, there was a divide in the Republican Party (conservative republicans wanted Taft)
-Teddy Roosevelt decided to create the Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party)
- Woodrow Wilson (the democratic nominee) ended up winning as a progressive reformer
-THE ELECTION OF 1912 WAS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT 3-WAY ELECTION SINCE 1860 (Lincoln, Douglas, and Breckenridge)

-Woodrow Wilson:
-Believed in a strong, activist leadership and helped push through many "New Freedom" ideas
-Wilson pushed for more social reforms but WWI distracted Americans from progressive reform
-He supported women's suffrage, defended unions' right to collectively bargain, endorsed 8 hour work day for all workers

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-Wrote "How the Other Half Lives"
-Motive was to get the wealthier people to recognize the hardships some people were going through and the terrible and cramped living conditions they had
-"How the Other Half Lives" was the 1st to expose urban poverty and slums and it included photos

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-Most significant state reform
-Created the "Wisconsin Idea"
-Used academic experts from University of Wisconsin to help research and write state bills
-Wisconsin was the 1st state to use direst primary and income tax, create industrial commissions, set utility prices, and regulate railroads

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-Had wide appeal but was not a unified movement
-Included prostitution, poverty, child labor, factory safety, women's rights, temperance, and political corruption
-Some reformers targeted local community problems, others wanted state changes and others wanted national  reforms
-1st began in cities in 1890's to address factory, tenement, and labor problems
-Women found reform was a way to improve their communities and break out of traditional 1800's social roles

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-Progressive helped make state governments more democratic
-A general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision
-Allowed citizens to vote on an issue suggested by state legislature

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-Women were rewarded for the contribution in WWI and were granted the right to vote

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-Outlawed alcohol because of reports of alcohol abuse
-Passed in 1920

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-Made to help make states more democratic
-A process that enables citizens to bypass their state legislature by placing proposed laws on a ballot
-Allowed citizens to create laws by petitioning to have an issue placed on the state ballot and allowing voters to decide

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-Work done under Taft presidency but wasn't ratified while he was president
-Direct election of US senators
-(1913) gave Congress the power to tax income. Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

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-Work done under Taft presidency but wasn't ratified while he was president
-Created a national income tax

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-Founded the Hull House in Chicago
-Created settlement houses to aid the poor
-Built in slums
-Offered health care, cheap food, and baths

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-She was a reformer who fought for child labor laws and improved conditions for working women

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-Wrote "Shame of the Cities
-Talked about corrupt political machines in big U.S. cities
-Wanted to draw attention to the public's willingness in allowing corruption to continue
-Exposed corrupt political machine bosses

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-Wrote "The Jungle"
-Exploited the harsh realities and poor sanitary conditions of  the  meat packing industry
-This allowed for the passing of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act (both passed in 1906)
-Led to the investigation of the meatpacking industry and improved sanitation

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-Wrote "History of the Standard Oil Company"
-She exposed the Standard Oil Company because her father used to work there when she was growing up and he faced hate, suspicion, and fear. She proved that the Standard Oil Company was preying on its competition and was rigging the prices of railroads
-Revealed Rockefeller's ruthless business practices

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-18th ammendment made alcohol illegal
-Mann Act made taking prostitutes across state lines illegal in 1915
-Hepburn Act increased the ICC's power to set maximum  railroad rates and investigate railroad company financial records