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the use of children in industry or business, especially when illegal or considered inhumane.

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In fact, 10-16 hour days were the norm. These incredibly long work days weren't sustainable and soon a brave man called Robert Owen started a campaign to have people work no more than 8 hours per day.

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Scabs are workers who break labor strikes or who are hired to replace striking workers.

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the action or fact of joining or being joined, especially in a political context.

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a refusal to work organized by a body of employees as a form of protest, typically in an attempt to gain a concession or concessions from their employer.

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the combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies.

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Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same part of the supply chain.

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the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform.

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Some 19th-century industrialists who were called "captains of industry" overlap with those called "robber barons". These include people such as J. P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, Andrew W. Mellon, Henry Ford, and John D. Rockefeller.

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an unscrupulous plutocrat, especially an American capitalist who acquired a fortune in the late nineteenth century by ruthless means.

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the state of being completely lacking in a particular quality or value.

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the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.

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take the chance to gain advantage from.

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large-scale or important financial or commercial activity.

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an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.

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adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians.

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The Wounded Knee Massacre occurred on December 29, 1890, near Wounded Knee Creek on the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the U.S. state of South Dakota.

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an area of land set aside for occupation by North American Indians or Australian Aborigines.

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A train route across the United States, finished in 1869. It was the project of two railroad companies: the Union Pacific built from the east, and the Central Pacific built from the west. The two lines met in Utah.