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https://v.gd/gtEibO

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How far has Europe's Galileo satellite navigation system progressed? Watch this video summary of Galileo's In-Orbit Validation phase milestones to find out, and learn what happens next.

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Further videos about topics addressed are available in Recent Activities, Favorites, Play Lists on my channels. Mirrored: https://www.youtube.com/user/ESA On 21 August, ESA will launch two more Galileo satellites on a Soyuz rocket from Europe's Spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana. These satellites mark the beginning of a new phase for Galileo, the deployment phase.

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Galileo is the European GNSS, consisting of 30 satellites, 24 operational and 6 in orbit reserves. The constellation is not fully set yet – by the end of 2016, 18 satellites were launched, providing initial services. The complete system is expected to be ready by 2020. All satellites will be positioned in circular orbits at approximately 23000 km above the Earth.

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Module 4: The European Global Navigation Satellite System

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Module 4: The European Global Navigation Satellite System

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The objectives of Module 4 are:

1. Understand how the Galileo European Satellite System works.

2. Understand the current needs of citizens, such as increased mobility and how space science is important in tackling them.

3. Learn about the multitude of careers existing at the intersection of space and navigation topic.

4. Understand how they can use these concepts in their lessons and to inspire their students.

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The learning objectives of Module 3 are:

1. Deepen knowledge on basic concepts in navigation, in the context of a multidisciplinary approach.

2. Understand how and where the tools and terms used in navigation fit in the various curricula and subjects.

3. Gain specific knowledge on instruments and techniques to determine position.

4. Understand how IBSE and ICT tools can be applied in the context of navigation tools and terms.

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MOOC1-Module2: Part3 - Building inquiry activities for your class

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MOOC1-Module2: Part1 - What is inquiry based learning?

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NTA-MOOC 4 - Module 2 - history of navigation

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The learning objectives of Module 2 are :

1. Deepen knowledge on the history of navigation, in the context of a multidisciplinary approach

2. Gain specific knowledge on: movement of the Sun, stars and planets, constellations. How to find the latitude of a place. Longitude. Coordinate Systems.

3. To know some historical techniques and instruments used to determine position.

4. Understand how IBSE and ICT tools can be applied in the context of history of navigation.

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According to Oxford dictionary Archaeostronomy is „the investigation of the astronomical knowledge of prehistoric cultures. Also called astroarchaeology”.

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1.3.	How did early sailors navigate the oceans?

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1.3.	How did early sailors navigate the oceans?

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Later, the understanding of the dynamic patterns on the sky was used to create instruments and tools to go even further - to explore new places, and search new adventures. Thus, navigation by land and by sea started to emerge.

This topic of navigation through the ages  was investigated by Mann (1966) in an article published in the Irish Astronomical Journal. Below we summarise the information presented in the article and track how sea navigation evolved:

1. Initially sea voyages were made simply along the coast;

2. With the increase of population needs, advances in ship construction and modernisation (as far back as 2000 B.C.) these voyages were undertaken out of sight of land;

3. “In classical times the trade of the Mediterranean was shared by the Greeks and Phoenicians”, using sea lanes to Egypt;

4. It is known that they [sailors] made these voyages, but not much about their navigational aids and methods;

5. In Ancient Greece arises a bearing system. The system had 12 points, each named after a wind, and thus each point had 30 degrees of horizon, and this way it made a full circle of 360 degrees. Interesting fact: The winds were called after the country from which they blew;

6. That time scientists and astronomers were interested in map-making and position-finding;

7. By the end of the first millennium of the Christian era, the Vikings steered by sun, shadow and stars to sail. They had produced a “bearing ring on which the 16 points were scribed. By orientating this ring to the sun at noon, or to the Pole Star, they could ascertain the direction in which wished to go; then they would note this direction relative to a star, the land, or possibly the wind, and make constant checks as the opportunity presented itself”;

In the 15th century and later European explorers go into the deep sea, far away from a coast, using the knowledge left by the Arabian golden age, developed new ships, used instruments like the compass, astrolabe, the quadrant, etc., and make nautical science a real source of development and prosperity. In the next modules we will talk about the history of these instruments and the basic concepts behind: latitude, longitude, altitude, the celestial sphere, coordinate systems, etc.

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How did early sailors navigate the oceans?

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How did early sailors navigate the oceans?

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How did early Sailors navigate the Oceans?

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What would happen if all satellites stopped working?

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What would happen if all satellites stopped working?

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We may not always realise it, but we depend on space technology orbiting the Earth. So what would happen if it all stopped working? At a recent international conference on "space hazards", I listened to a series of speakers outline doomsday scenarios. These included a massive solar storm disrupting satellite communications, a cyber attack partially disabling the GPS system, and debris knocking out Earth-monitoring satellites.

Threats to this space infrastructure are real, and governments around the world are beginning to think seriously about improving the resilience of the systems we rely on. To focus their thoughts, and with a nod to that pioneer of threats from space, Orson Welles, here is what might happen if we suddenly encountered a day without satellites...
08:00
There was nothing sudden. Planes did not fall out of the sky, the lights didn't go out or the water supplies fail. At least, not at first.

Some things did stop working straightaway but, for most people, they were more an inconvenience than anything else. The loss of television satellites meant that many families missed the cheery rehearsed smiles of breakfast TV presenters, and were forced to talk to each other over their cereal instead. There were no foreign correspondents on the radio, no results of the latest international sports fixtures.

But outside, the loss of global satellite communications was putting the world in danger. At a bunker somewhere in the United States, a pilot squadron lost contact with the armed drones they were flying over the Middle East. The failure of secure satellite communications systems left soldiers, ships and aircraft cut off from their commanders and vulnerable to attack. Without satellites, world leaders struggled to talk to each other to diffuse mounting global tensions.

Meanwhile, over the Atlantic, thousands of passengers watched movies, oblivious to the difficulties on the flight deck as pilots struggled to talk to air traffic control. Without satellite phones, container ships in the Arctic, fishermen in the China Sea and aid workers in the Sahara found themselves isolated from the rest of the world.

As people started work in their offices in Tokyo, Shanghai, Moscow, London and New York, they found it difficult to talk to colleagues in other countries. Email worked and the internet seemed okay, but many international phone calls failed. The rapid communications systems that tied the world together were unravelling. Rather than shrinking, it seemed as if the Earth was getting larger.
11:00
As presidents and prime ministers gathered their crisis teams, a new threat to global stability began to emerge: the loss of the Global Positioning System (GPS). As far as most of us were concerned, GPS helped us travel from A to B without getting hopelessly lost along the way. It had transformed the lives of delivery companies, helped emergency services reach incidents much quicker, allowed planes to land on isolated runways and enabled trucks, trains, ships and cars to be tracked and traced. But GPS turned out to be much more pervasive in our lives than many of us could possibly have realised.

GPS satellites are little more than highly accurate atomic clocks in space, transmitting a time signal back to Earth. Receivers on the ground - in your car or smartphone for instance - pick up these time signals from three or more satellites. By comparing the time signal from space with the time in the receiver - the receiver can calculate how far away the satellite is.

But there are plenty of other uses for these accurate time signals from space. Uses that, it emerged, our society had become increasingly reliant on. Our infrastructure is held together by time - from time stamps on complex financial transactions to the protocols that hold the internet together. When the packets of data passing between computers get out of sync, the system starts to break down. Without accurate time, every network controlled by computers is at risk. Which means almost everything.

When the GPS signals stopped, back-up systems (employing accurate clocks on the ground) kicked in. But, within a few hours, time had started to slip. A fraction of a second in Europe, compared to the US; a tiny difference between India and Australia. The cloud began to fail, web searches became slower, the internet started to grind to a halt. The first power cuts came later in the evening, as transmission networks struggled to balance demand. At computerised water treatment works, engineers switched to manual back-up systems. In major cities, traffic lights and railway signals defaulted to red, bringing transport to a standstill. Mobile phone services, already patchy, finally failed in the late afternoon.
16:00
By this time, aviation authorities reluctantly decided to ground commercial aircraft. The loss of satellite communications and GPS had already seen a majority of flights cancelled, but it was a more mundane failure that proved to be the final straw: the weather.

Although meteorological balloons, ground and ship observations were still important, forecasting had become increasingly reliable and reliant on satellites. Retailers used weather data to order the right foods - no point in stocking up on meats for the barbeque if the outlook was gloomy. Farmers relied on forecasts for planting, spraying and harvesting. The aviation industry needed forecasts to make decisions that would affect the lives of passengers.

Aircraft are fitted with radar to detect bad weather or other sources of turbulence, but they take note of constant updates from the ground. These "nowcasts" allow them to keep track of weather patterns developing and act accordingly. These are particularly important over the oceans, where observations from ships are sparse.

If passengers on trans-Atlantic flights had known this, then they would have thought twice before boarding. Without weather satellite data, a storm system developing rapidly over the ocean was missed and the aircraft flew straight into it. The severe turbulence experienced by passengers left several injured and the remainder badly traumatised by the experience. But at least they got to complete their journey. Around the world, other travellers were stranded thousands of miles from home.
22:00
By now, the full impact of what would become known as "the day without satellites" had become apparent. Communications, transport, power and computer systems had been severely disrupted. Global business had ground to a halt and governments were struggling to cope. Politicians were warned that food supply chains would soon break down. With fears of a breakdown in public order, governments introduced emergency measures.

If the disruption continued then each day would bring new challenges. There would be no more satellite data showing the health of crops, illegal logging in the Amazon or Arctic ice cover. Satellites used to produce images and maps for rescue workers responding to disasters would be missed, as would the satellites producing long-term records of climate. It was a tribute to the space industry that we could take all this for granted, but it was only when the satellites were lost that anyone noticed...

So, could all this happen? Only if everything failed at once, and that is unlikely. What is certain is that the infrastructure we all rely on has become increasingly dependent on space technology. And that without satellites, the world would be a very different place.
Do you agree with Richard? If you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on Future, head over to our Facebook page or message us on Twitter.

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What would happen if all satellites stopped working?

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We may not always realise it, but we depend on space technology orbiting the Earth. So what would happen if it all stopped working? At a recent international conference on "space hazards", I listened to a series of speakers outline doomsday scenarios.

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Module 1: Introduction to Navigation through the Ages

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Module 1: Introduction to Navigation through the Ages

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The learning objectives of Module 1 are :

1. Understand how navigation builds on contributions of various cultures, and how it can be used as a vehicle to broaden children’s minds and develop a sense of European and global citizenship.

2. Understand the importance of measuring space and time through the ages.

3. Discover a brief history of navigation: tracking solar and lunar patterns in the sky, and constellations.

4. Learn how to use ICT-based approaches in the navigation topic.

5. Understand how and where the history of navigation fits in the various curricula and subjects.

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http://www.europeanschoolnetacademy.eu/web/navigation-through-the-ages/reto

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Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences

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Navigation through the Ages Introduction

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Navigation through the ages is an online course developed by the Space Awareness project. Using the contexts of space and navigation, this MOOC explores the rich history of navigation, from ancient Greece, the fifteenth century European explorers and their missions of global discovery, to the importance of Europe's Galileo programme for the current needs of citizens.

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Hi, I'm an italian young history and philosophy teacher. I'm very happy to start for the first time this course to improve my teacher competences!

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How does math guide our ships at sea? - George Christoph

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During the daytime we notice that time passes by because of the Sun in the sky. Because the Earth completes a rotation on its axis in one day, the Sun appears to rise in the East at the beginning of the day, climb high at noon and then disappear into the horizon in the evening in  the West. Babylonians observed this movement of the Sun and constructed the sundial, which was the first version of a Wall clock or a hand watch. Using sunlight and the sundial, the Babylonians divided the day into hours. The time on a sundial is shown by a shadow produced by a gnomon, and falling onto a surface called the dial face or dial plate. Due to our relative locations to the Sun, a sundial used in the northern hemisphere must be reversed to be used in the southern hemisphere.