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The geosphere is the solid part of The Earth. It has got 3 layers;
- Crust. The outermost part of the geosphere. It is composed of solid materials and is thicker in the continents than in the oceans.
- Mantle. The middle layer of the geosphere. Its temperature is higher than that of the bark. In some areas of the mantle are molten rocks, which are called magma.
- Core .The innermost layer of the geosphere. It is composed of iron and other metals. It has a very high temperature. It is divided into two parts: the inner core and the outer core.
All the layers are solid except the outer core .

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Rocks are combination of one or more minerals.
Rocks  have different mineral compositions, and different origins.
They have many different textures depending on the form, size and distribution of their grains or crystals.

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We can to classify rocks by their origin.

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We can to classify rocks by their origin.

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1 - Igneous; this kind of rocks are formed from magmatic materials and there are two different types; Plutonic and Volcanic.

- Plutonic: it is  a rock formed from magma slowly cooling under the  Earth's surface.

- Volcanic : it is a rock formed from magma erupted from a volcano on the  Earth's surface.

2 - Sedimentary : these types of rocks are formed from the deposition and subsequent cementation of differets materials on the Earth's surface. They could be formed on the continental or oceanic crust from organic or inorganic materials depositions.

3 - Methamorphic rocks are formed from the transformation of existing rock types subjected to very high pressures or tempetures during a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form". The original rock (protolith) is subjected to heat (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C) and pressure (1500 bars),causing profound physical and/or chemical change.

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Fossils are found in some sedimentary rocks and help us to know about organisms that lived in the past and their characteristic, habitat, and some information about their behaviours.

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Depending on their properties, rocks are used as:
.Aggregates.
.Ornamental.
.Rocks.
.Quarried rocks.
.Construction materials.
.Fossil fuels .

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Minerals in the geosphere :
The minerals are solid , organic and inorganic substances with definite chemical composition .

There are lots of minerals that we can distinguish observing their characteristics, lustre, texture, colours, tenacity, hardness, composition, shapes or fracture forms.

Many things that we use every day are made from minerals.

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It is defined as the resistance offered by the smooth surface of a mineral to be scratched. There are differents hardness types;
1 - Low hardness: If scratched with a fingernail.
2 - Hardness half: If is can scratch with the glass but not is stripe with the fingernail (in this case the hardness will be comprised between 2.5 and 5.5).
3 -High hardness: if not it can be scratched with a piece of glass (hardness of the ore will be in this case greater than that of the glass which is of 5.5).
4 - Very high hardness: if not it can be scratched with a piece of quartz (hardness is then greater than 7).
The geologist use the Mohs hardness scale to classify the minerals depending its scratch capacity.

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Called transparency sometimes, refers to the interaction of light with the Crystal. There are these possibilities:
1- Transparent: when the contour of an object situated behind can be seen clearly.
2- Semi-transparent: when is not possible to specify the contour of an object located behind.
3- Translucent: when allow to pass light but is not possible to see the objects located at the other side.
4- Semi-translucent: when the ore is traversed by light at its thinner edges.
5- Opaque: when the light is blocked totally going through the crystal.

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The minerals can be of infinite colours.
The stripe color is the color of a mineral fine powder. This color is more accurate and constant that the color of the mineral that can suffer changes due to alterations in its surface .

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In principle the brightness can be divided into two types:
1-  Brightness metalic, when its surface shines like metals, fully reflecting the light.
2- Brighhtness non-metalic when its surface do not shine or not fully reflecting the light.
In this case it is necesary to determine whether it is:
- Vitreous: If shines like glass.
-   Matt: it lacks of brightness, typical of the substances earthy.
-  Submetalic: between metallic and matte.
- Fat: If seems as covered by a film of grease.
-  Mother of Pearl: If looks like pearls, slightly iridescent glitter.
-Adamantine: if it has a very high gloss as the diamond.
- Silky: it shines as the Silk; typical of those materials fibrous.

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The minerals present different shapes;
- Broad-leaved: elongated in two directions and very narrow in the third - Tabular: elongated in two addresses prismatic: elongated fundamentally in an address fibrous: in form of small fibers parallel easily separable between itself.
- Acicular: crystals thin, similar to needles dendritic: of appearance similar to them branches of them plants
- Druze: surface covered by a layer of small crystals
- Stalactitic: in form of cones or cylinders hanging to mode of stalactites.
- Starred: crystals in concentric forms simulating star. Geoda: cavity covered with crystals.
- Granular: aggregate of Crystal beads.
- Mass: Compact, irregular, without aspect defined.

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The break of a mineral along a irregular surface is called fracture.
1- Conchoidal (with surfaces curved in form of shell).
2- Fibrous or astillosa (with inbound and outgoing pointy)
3- Granular.
4- Uneven or imperfect.
And Is called exfoliation when a mineral breaks according its planes.
Differents terms are used to describe the degree of exfoliation such as:
1- Perfect
2 - Good.
3- Regular (appreciably).
4-  Poor or imperfect.