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6.	How did the American and French Revolutions influence Latin American independence movements? (SOL WHII.7b)

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6.	How did the American and French Revolutions influence Latin American independence movements? (SOL WHII.7b)

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Influence of the American and French Revolutions on Latin America
Slaves in Haiti rebelled, abolished slavery, and won independence.
Father Miguel Hidalgo started the Mexican independence movement. French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies gained independence.

Selected countries that gained independence during the 1800s
Mexico • Haiti • Colombia • Venezuela • Brazil

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5.	What improved technologies and institutions were important to European economies? (SOL WHII.6f)

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5.	What improved technologies and institutions were important to European economies? (SOL WHII.6f)

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New schools of art and forms of literature
Painting depicted classical subjects, public events, natural scenes, and living people (portraits).
New forms of literature evolved, such as the novel (e.g., Cervantes’ Don Quixote). Technologies
All-weather roads improved yearround transport and trade.
New designs in farm tools increased productivity (agricultural revolution). Improvements in ship design lowered the cost of transport.

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4.	Who were some of the composers, artists, philosophers, and writers of the period? (SOL WHII.6f)

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4.	Who were some of the composers, artists, philosophers, and writers of the period? (SOL WHII.6f)

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Representative composers, artists, philosophers, and writers
Johann Sebastian Bach: Baroque composer
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Classical composer
Voltaire: Philosopher
Miguel de Cervantes: Novelist
Eugène Delacroix: Painter (transition to the Romantic School of the nineteenth century)

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3.	How did the ideas of the Enlightenment contribute to causing the French Revolution? (SOL WHII.6e)

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3.	How did the ideas of the Enlightenment contribute to causing the French Revolution? (SOL WHII.6e)

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Causes of the French Revolution
Influence of Enlightenment ideas
Influence of the American Revolution Events of the French Revolution
Storming of the Bastille
Reign of Terror Outcomes of the French Revolution
End of the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI
Rise of Napoleon

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2.	How did the Enlightenment promote revolution in the American colonies? (SOL WHII.6d)

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2.	How did the Enlightenment promote revolution in the American colonies? (SOL WHII.6d)

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Influence of the Enlightenment
Political philosophies of the Enlightenment fueled revolution in the Americas and France.
Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence incorporated Enlightenment ideas.
The Constitution of the United States of America and Bill of Rights incorporated Enlightenment ideas.

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How did philosophers of theEnlightenment influence thinkingon political issues? 

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How did philosophers of theEnlightenment influence thinkingon political issues? 

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Enlightenment thinkers and their ideas
Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan: Humans exist in a primitive “state of nature” and consent to government for self-protection.
John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government: People are sovereign and consent to government for protection of natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws: The best form of government includes a separation of powers.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s The Social Contract: Government is a contract between rulers and the people.
Voltaire: Religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism; separation of church and state. Influence

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Bands of Spanish peasant fighters.

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One major battle that Napoleon lost.

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Nobles who fled France and wanted to restore the Old Regime.

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A wave of senseless panic that had rolled through France, causing peasants to become outlaws.

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A policy Napoleon created to prevent trade and communication between Great Britain and other European nations so that Continental (hence its name) Europe could learn to be more self-sufficient.