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Acquisition
Slate

Transportation
Pollution and noise created from the quarry
transport from quarry to warehouse to site
noise created by cutting slate into tiles

Fitting out
Expensive material
physically demanding to lay

Noisy

Maintenance
Slates require to be maintained in order to prevent moss
if not maintained, can crumble, soften and rot
Experienced craftsman/slater required to maintain

Demolition
Reusable if removed from roof correctly
Low Quality - 20 years
High Quality - 175 years life span

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Raw materials:
Sand
Cement
Colour pigmant
Water
Product manufacture & Transportation:
Sand taken from quary, not from the coast as contaminated by salt water.
Within europe, boat shipment over to UK.
850,000 per truck

Construction & Fitting out
70p each. Clay tiles last longer however cost £1.20.
3 bed house, on average 4,500 to 7000 quid.

Operation & maintanence:
40-50 year liftime on average.
Properly constructed can last over 100 years with minimal care.
Pressure washing can erode tiles.
Periodic inspection, DO NOT pressure wash. refurbish.
Replacing 1-6 tiles can cost 60-90
pounds.

Renovation and demolition:
Can be recycled and reused for hardcore

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Raw Material:
Woodland/trees

Product Manufacture and transportation:
- wood extraction from trees
-Sips - Pre fabrication in factory (SIPCO manufacturer)
-Reduced congestion on roads
-Easy to install
-
Fitting out
- Easy to install
- treatment of wood  i.e varnishing/ protective layers.
-
Operation and maintenance
- varnishing and protecting the wood
-making sure the product is not being exposed to moisture
-

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Floors
Raw Materials
Timber
Wood used for floor beams,

Production manufacture & transportation
Timber
transported to factory
processed into frames (cut and measure it for the purpose of project) then
delivered to site

Construction and Fit out
Timber using the T-beam method, common in raised concrete floors, using concrete block and T-Beam, Can be used to make frames of windows and roofs and doors.

Operation & Maintenance
Timber is susceptible to rot, this can be prevented by using wood polish and cleaner, also can be treated in factory and covered in coating.

Renovation & Demolition
Can be reused, and waste can be chipped and put into a biomass boiler to produce sustainable energy. Can be burned but this can release harmful emissions.

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Materials used for LCA
External Walls
Aluminium Cladding
Raw Materials

Aluminium is an unrenewable raw material which is made from bauxite which consists of aluminium oxide and iron oxide.

Aluminium is produced from this when the iron is separated.

Predominantly mined in Australia, Africa and South America.

Aluminium is generally a cheaper metal compared to other metals such as copper or lead.

Manufacture

Transportation costs to Europe will be significant due to the areas that the materials are mined from.

Once manufactured and used it can easily be used and recycled to make other products.

It is flexible and easy and had a good degree of ease to fabrication as it allows the walls to breathe.

Aluminium manufacture is accomplished in two phases, the Bayer process of refining the bauxite ore to obtain aluminium oxide, and the Hall-Heroult process of smelting the aluminium oxide to release pure aluminium.

The manufacture process uses a lot of electrical energy which is also costly.

Construction and Fit-Out

It can be made into sheet form to create external cladding.

It can have a variety of finishes.

Although it is a non renewable source it is easily recyclable to make other products.

Operation and Maintenance

When using external mill finished aluminium it will require regular cleaning.

Aluminium weathers well.

Aluminium needs to handled carefully this is because it is light and durable it is easily dented and damaged.

Corrosion resistance is good.

Needs to be lightly oiled to keep it maintained.

Cleaning products are readily available and relatively cheap, e.g water, white spirit etc.

Renovation and Demolition

Renovation is quite easy due to like for like sheets of aluminium.

Fixings are easily inserted due to it being durable.

Aluminium is easily demolished due to its lightweight properties.

The material can be easily recycled once demolished.

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Material Used for LCA: Floor-Clay flooring tiles.

Raw Material:
Natural Clay processed in to flooring tiles.

Product manufacture & Transportation:
These are extruded by die and cut they are then put through a dryer and then placed in a kiln, they are unglazed.

Construction and fitting:
The tiles are usually half an inch thick so are suitable for indoor and outdoor industrial use. They are also expensive averaging at £25 per square meter.

Operation and Maintenance:
These are easy to maintain as cleaning is simple but sometimes can require specialist equipment to clean the joins if they become discoloured.

Renovation and Demolition:
Quarry tile floors can be difficult to remove but using the correct equipment what's left of the tile can be recycled in the form of hardcore.

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Raw material
Hard and soft wood come from trees
Manufacture
1) Trees are stored in a forest until they are needed, 2) They are cut down and carried to a manufacturing plant by truck, 3) at the sawmill the trunks are cut into boards using scroll saws this is called conversion, 4) seasonings applied to the wood this removes excess moisture and water 5) the boards are cut to size for frames.
Construction and fitting on site
gap is left in wall with lintel, the frame is lifted into the gap and glazing is fitted inside the frame
Maintenance
Varnish is applied to the wood so it lasts longer.
wet sealants are used such as silicone so that water is kept out of the building
Demolition
recycle the glazing and burn the wood

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Raw Material

Sheep's wool insulation - sheep need to be sheared.
Wall - Clay, Sand and Mortar.

Product Manufacture & Transportation

The initial step in producing brick is crushing and grinding the raw materials
Furnace - Powering the furnace, this uses up a lot of energy.
Delivery in large quantities. Using HGV's producing considerable amount of emission.

Construction and Fitting Out

Wool is brought on site in large rolls....
Brick layer will build wall...

Operation and Maintenance

Acid washing bricks to clean them.
Replacing wool

Renovation and Demolition

Depending on the ware and condition of the bricks sections of the wall can be replaced.
This can be done when needed instead of demolishing the building. Recycle bricks into hardcore

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External Walls – Group A & EFloors – Group B & FWindows – Group C & GRoof – Group D & H

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Material used for LCA – Mineral Wool - Rockwool - K Bunting Example

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Material used for LCA – Mineral Wool - Rockwool - K Bunting Example

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Raw Material
According to Eurima (2017) it is an inorganic rock or slag are the main components (typically 98%) of stone wool. The remaining 2% organic content is generally a thermosetting resin binder (an adhesive) and a little oil.

Product Manufacture & Transportation
Mineral wool insulation is made from molten glass, stone or slag (industrial waste) that is spun into a fibre-like structure. Eurima (2017) Light weight and easy to transport but can’t be crushed.

Construction and Fitting Out
Sander (2017) suggests the process of installing mineral wool insulation is not very complex nor time-consuming, so only need unskilled labour. The biggest drawback of mineral wool is represented by safety consideration, as it can irritate the eyes, skin and the respiratory system.

Operation and Maintenance
As abovethe biggest drawback of mineral wool is represented by safety consideration. So working with it or next to it could be difficult. Possible damp issues when wet and loss of insulation properties. Telegraph (2015)

Renovation and Demolition
After years of use, some mineral wool, as with other construction products, when removing might generate dust. As for the deconstruction or demolition of any building, it is recommended to reduce exposure and discomfort by applying simple measures such as: spray mist water before removing products, clean with vacuumcleaner and not with a broom, cover the skin with long sleeves and wear a face-mask (typically FFP2 type)3. Eurima (2017)