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The most common forms of erosion are desert dunes.
They are formed where the wind meets an obstacle. The wind stops so it loses almost all his energy and it deposits part of its sediment load. Then, the is the dune the one who acts as an obstacle favouring sedimentation.
There are dunes of many different sizes and shapes

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The shaping of the landscape by the wind occurs through aeolian processes. Winds act on all parts of the planet but two factors are needed for the action to be effective:Abundance of fine loose materials(for example sand, limestone or clay),  and an absence of vegetation and moisture that fixes materials to the ground.
This I have said is very common in deserts and costal areas.
Its erosive capacity is limited. However, when wind carries sand, the impact of the grains against rocky surfaces acts as an abrasive creating very strange rock formations ( an example is mushroom rock).

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There are many remains from the last glacial period in the highest mountain ranges of the peninsula, formed by old glaciers that have now disappeared. The most common shapes are the cirques, U-shaped valleys and orns or peaks, arêtes and glacial lakes or tarns.

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DEFINITION: They are large masses of ice that can take many forms. For billions of years, glaciers have carved the earth's surface and fed rivers and oceans with water.

TYPES: The biggest types of glacier are called continental ice sheets and ice caps. Glaciers that flow down a valley are called valley glaciers. Outlet glaciers are valley glaciers that flow out from an ice cap or an ice sheet.

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High coasts are formed by hard rocks (some examples are Galician or Cantabrian coasts), in this type of coasts the erosion predominates. In contrast, on the Mediterranean coast and the Gulf of Cádiz are low coasts, so there are many sandy coasts, which is the result of sedimentation.

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The geological action of the sea is seen especially on the coast. Marine shaping is also called coastal shaping. The costal areas contantly changing and they are dynamic.
The main facts that affect the coastal areas and make them changing are: The movement of the sea (mainly waves) which erodes the rocks, another fact for this changing are the sediments that came from rivers, also the human action and changes in sea level.

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A geological basin is a large low-lying area. It is often below sea level, and theyGeological basins are one of the two most common places inland which collect sediment

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5.3 Shaping from surface runoff and torrents

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5.3 Shaping from surface runoff and torrents

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Surface runoff flow without a fixed course. its action is intense in zones where there is sporadic, but torrential, precipitation, and the soil is unprotected because there is no vegetation. This accelerated soil erosion causes desertification.

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Groundwater makes up 22% of all the fresh water on Earth, one third of the world’s population depends on groundwater to provide drinking water and for crop irrigation.
Overexploitation and contamination are the main risks connected with the exploitation of aquifers.
Aquifer overexploitation happens if the volume of water discharged is higher than the amount naturally recharged.  Contaminated water can reach aquifers from different sources: agriculture and intensive livestock farming, industry, urban residues or salt water from marine intrusion.

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Aeration zone/water table/saturated zone		

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Aeration zone/water table/saturated zone		

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Infiltration:grownd water comes from infiltration of water from rain, rivers or lakes into the ground.
Porosity affects the amount of water a particular rock type can hold. The ability of water to pass through the pore spaces in the rock is described as the rock's permeability. Permeable layers of rock that store and transport water are called aquifers.

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An ideal river has a longitudinal profile curve,  with a steep slope at the beginning  becoming gradually less steep and almost level at the river mouth.
ENERGY: In the higher course, the erosive action makes the riverbed deeper. In the middle and lower courses, the river erodes the riverbed laterally,

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Cuestas (slopes), mesas, plateaus, buttes, crestas, canyons

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Cuestas (slopes), mesas, plateaus, buttes, crestas, canyons

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It is the structure or arrangement of the strata, not the type of rock that changes the relief.
is formed by the alternation of resistant and soft rocks where differential erosion results in the horizontal, sloped or vertical arrangement of the rocks.

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speleothems: stalactites, stalagmites, columns

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Lapies, sinkholes, poldjes, canyons, gorges

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Lapies, sinkholes, poldjes, canyons, gorges

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Limestone is a compact rock, resistant to erosion and physical weathering. However, it is sensitive to chemical weathering, which finally dissolves it.

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Karst is a topography formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum.

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There are many different agents that shape the relief: rivers in equatorial and warm areas, ice in the poles, and wind in the deserts.
Areas close to each other, with a similar climate, can also have very different types of relief because they sit on different types of rocks.
Climate and lithology are two factors that determine relief

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Weathering is physical, if there is only rock fragmentation; chemical, if the minerals dissolve or transform into other rocks, such as clay; or biological, if carried out by living things.
Physical: is the disintegration of rocks in different smaller fragments but they preserves all the characteristics from the original material.
Chemical weathering: is caused by rain water reacting with the mineral grains in rocks to form new minerals and soluble salts.
Biological: Biological weathering specifically refers to the weathering as caused by organisms such as plants, animals, and bacteria.

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Geological formations refer to natural formations in the bedrock and soil, usually created by slow geological processes.

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The Earth has many different varieties of relief. This is due to the many different agents that shape the relief.

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These processes occur in this order: weathering, erosion, transportation and sedimentation.
They include all the changes that alter or wear down the rocks and deposit materials resulting from erosion.

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The main geological agents are water, ice, wind and human beings.

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1.1 Definition and general characteristics:

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1.1 Definition and general characteristics:

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1. External geological processes: the shaping of relief

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1. External geological processes: the shaping of relief