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Powers that aren't denied to the states and aren't given to the federal government

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What is the importance of this court case?

The court unanimously decided that the "Necessary and Proper clause" gave congress more power than the constitution expressly stated.

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A system that prevents any branch of government from abusing their power.

- president's veto over congress
- Congress control appointments to high executive posts and to the judiciary
- congress has control of appropriation and the right of approval over treaties
Judicial branch can rule laws that Congress enact, are unconstitutional

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Dual Federalism (layer cake): the national and state governments stay supreme in their own spheres
Cooperative Federalism (marble cake): national and state governments work together on projects
Fiscal Federalism: pattern in the federal system of spending, taxing, and providing grants
Devolution: transfer of responsibilities from federal government to state and local governments

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Factions of the Constitutional Convention

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Factions of the Constitutional Convention

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There were the people from small states who felt threatened by the majority, there were the big states who liked being the majority, there were the states with a lot of slaves which wanted slaves to be counted in the census, then there were the people who didn't want that (merchants), etc.

I hope someone revises this

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Grants-In-Aid - National government gives the states money and the federal government tells the states what to do with it

Block grant - When the national government gives the states money, and the states have some control over what to do with it
Categorical grant - National government gives money to a certain/select group of people (in a category)
Project Grants - State and local governments submit proposals to federal agencies. Funding is provided on a competitive basis.
Formula Grants - Grant-In-Aids in which a formula is used to determine the amount of federal funds a state or local government will receive.

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Compromises of the Constitutional Convention

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Compromises of the Constitutional Convention

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Great Compromise: Created the House of Representatives and Senate (established bicameralism)

3/5ths Compromise: A slave counted as 3/5ths of a person when counting inhabitants of a state

Electoral College: you should know this

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What were their roles in the setting up our government?
1) Sought strong enough government to promote commerce and protect property from radical state legislatures (national control over commerce and finance, and the establishment of national judicial supremacy and a strong presidency)
2) prevent excessive democracy of the AOC (bicameralism, electoral college, checks and balances, etc)
3) sought support to make people accept this new government by making some cool principles (direct popular election of reps, Bill of Rights, etc)
4) wanted to make sure the Constitution wasn't as much of a threat to liberties as the radical state legislature (federalism and separation of powers)

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Who is he and what did he do for AP GOPO?

Father of Modern Bureaucracy

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What did the 1st 10 specifically give us?
Bill of Rights
https://users.csc.calpoly.edu/~jdalbey/Public/Bill_of_Rights.html

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Name a few that impacted the formation of our government and what their influence did for us.

John Locke, Charles Montesquieu, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Stuart Mill

they pushed for individual liberties and freedoms, like the freedom of speech

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Who has what power according to the Constitution?

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What is this?

When a legislative body has two branches or chambers

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Implied Powers are powers granted to the US government not explicitly stated in the Constitution, but seem implied by powers already stated.

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Describe each
Article I: developed the bicameral legislative branch and gave congress the power to make laws. Also known as "The necessary proper clause" where the congress has to make sure the law is necessary and proper.

Article II: Developed the executive branch where the president can have the right to handle any foreign issues or policies.

Article III: Judicial Branch

Article IV: Basically protects the states and establishes equality among them (ex: states must acknowledge marriage which happened in another state)

Article V: Establishes amendments

Article VI: Supremacy of the Constitution/supremacy clause

Article VII: Ratification rules

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What was the purpose, who wrote them, and which ones are the most important?
written by Hamilton, Madison, Jay
They were a series of essays anonymously published under the pseudonym Publius defending the Constitution to the public. John Jay got sick after writing five. James Madison wrote twenty-nine. Hamilton wrote the other fifty-one

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What are the important ones and what do they do?

1. Necessary and Proper Clause - one of the powers of Congress that allows them to make any laws that are necessary and proper for carrying out their other powers. Also called the "Elastic Clause"

2. Supremacy Clause - states that the U.S. Constitution, all laws made under it, and all treaties entered into under it, constitute the "supreme law of the land"

3. Militia Clause - states that the U.S. Constitution, all laws made under it, and all treaties entered into under it, constitute the "supreme law of the land"

4. Due Process Clause - clause found both in the 5th and14th Amendments that states that a person may not be denied life, liberty or property without the due process of law.

5. Equal Protection Clause - clause found both in the 5th and14th Amendments that states that a person may not be denied life, liberty or property without the due process of law.

6. Commerce Clause - gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations.

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List and describe

Authoritarian: A system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limits but may nevertheless be restrained by the power of other public institutions.

Constitutional: A system of rule in which formal and effective limits are placed on the powers of the government.

Totalitarian: A system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limits on its power and seeks to absorb or destroy other social institutions that might challenge it.

Unitary: All the power lies with the national government and the states or provinces have none.

Confederation: All the power lies with the state and the National government has no real power.

Federal: National Government shares power with the states.

Autocratic: All the power is in the hands of one person.

Oligarchic: Government is ran by a small number of people.

Democratic: Power is vested in the people who rule through direct or indirect representation.

Presidential: Head of government is also head of state and leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch.

Parliamentary: Executive power is vested in a cabinet composed of members of the legislature who are responsible to the legislature.

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Strengths and weaknesses
Weaknesses: Couldn't tax, no executive and judicial branch, amending them was basically impossible b/c it required unanimous vote... more like a loose friendship between the states

Strengths: Congress could declare war, start an army and navy, they could make peace and sign treaties, they can borrow money, and they can also organize a post office.