# data[].attributes.headline
In 1851 Napoleon had been defeated. The formation of the state Italy had begun.  The unification was used most of the peninsular under the House of Savory.

# data[].attributes.subject
In 1851 Napoleon had been defeated. The formation of the state Italy had begun.  The unification was used most of the peninsular under the House of Savory.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Ten Minute History - The Unification of Italy (Short Documentary)

# data[].attributes.headline
The 19th century is when Italy had gained its Independence, but with that they had unification which is also Risotgimento. In 1861 Leaders were brought back to Italy to from a unified Kingdom of power. This helped the Italian Life and Independence.

# data[].attributes.subject
The 19th century is when Italy had gained its Independence, but with that they had unification which is also Risotgimento. In 1861 Leaders were brought back to Italy to from a unified Kingdom of power. This helped the Italian Life and Independence.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Italian Parliament Building in Rome.

Early Ages

Present-day Italy became a sovereign state on March 17, 1861, during the Resurgence, a political movement that unified countries of the Italian Peninsula into a single nation of Italy. During the reign of the Roman Empire, the Italian Peninsula was among the imperial provinces under the rule of the Romans. However, after the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, all states of the Italian Peninsula became subject to the larger European-power wrangles.

Italy was later fragmented by the transitory supremacy of Feudal European conquerors from the East, Muslims from the south, and Germans and Normans from the north. Italy's golden era did not last long, as France invaded the independent states in northern Italy, leading to their collapse. This set stage for the Italian Wars of the 15th and 16th centuries, in which Spain and Germany invaded Rome. By the time the Italian Wars ended in 1559, three Italian states gained their independence but fell under the French rule until 1680, and then Spain rule until 1713.

As different nations contended for preeminence in Italy, the Papal State developed a zone of influence in Central Italy, challenging the rule of the Roman Empire. Cities in the north became defiant of Roman Rule and split to become independently governed cities. By the end of the 18th century, northern and central Italy developed into remarkable powers, while the south experienced with power struggles between France, Spain, and Austria.

Early Modern Italy

In 1792, the French annexed the Italian Peninsula, clearing out all old establishment and remnants of feudal rule. This annexation merged many of the Italian states and imposed a republican rule that only lasted for only a brief period until the French were forced out by Austria in 1796. However, the Napoleonic Wars that began in 1796 led to the unification of Italy into the Italian Republic, which was later named the Kingdom of Italy under the French Republic. The Napoleonic era ended following the defeat of Napoleon in 1814 and the division of the kingdom into eight regions under foreign rule.

The Unification

In 1815, the Risorgimento movement began under the leadership of Mazzini Giuseppe and Garibaldi Giuseppe, who successfully led a small army known as the Thousands. The army managed to conquer various cities and bring them under the rule of King Emmanuel II. Despite being a long and complex process, the Risorgimento led to the unification of the various states in the Italian Peninsula in 1861, when the national parliament declared Italy a kingdom with King Emmanuel II as its ruler. Venice and Rome did not join the kingdom initially, but joined in 1870 when the French army left the region during the Franco-Prussian War.

Italy in the 21st Century

Today, Italy is the seventh largest global economy, which is supported by the world's largest metallurgical and engineering industries. Due to its location on the Alps and the Italian Peninsula, Italy has some of the most scenic landscapes in the world and attracts millions of tourists each year. Despite the historic turbulence of Italian politics, the country is a boasts a large economy and is a leader of the European Union.

1. Home

2. World Facts

3. When Did Italy Become a Country?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The various states of the Italian Peninsula were unified as a country on March 17, 1861.

# data[].attributes.headline
Portugal reduced Brazil to sort of a colony; so the people rebelled, and the liberal revolution  captured major cities. Dom Patrol  returned to Propagule in 1822. He promised the new constatation he created.

# data[].attributes.subject
Portugal reduced Brazil to sort of a colony; so the people rebelled, and the liberal revolution  captured major cities. Dom Patrol  returned to Propagule in 1822. He promised the new constatation he created.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Brazilian Independence | 3 Minute History

# data[].attributes.headline
On September 16th, 1810 Father Miguel Hidalgo Y Costilla ended the Spanish rule. It took over  decade of conformation, and war before Mexican independence. It took over 300 years of Spain's control.

# data[].attributes.subject
On September 16th, 1810 Father Miguel Hidalgo Y Costilla ended the Spanish rule. It took over  decade of conformation, and war before Mexican independence. It took over 300 years of Spain's control.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The history behind Mexican Independence Day

# data[].attributes.headline
During the year of 1822, Brazil had demanded Portugal for there Independence. When the King of Promulges son Dom Pedro helped spared life and action. He also became the very first emperor of Brazil. He helped with colonial rule, and nation. He helped strongly with Independence.

# data[].attributes.subject
During the year of 1822, Brazil had demanded Portugal for there Independence. When the King of Promulges son Dom Pedro helped spared life and action. He also became the very first emperor of Brazil. He helped with colonial rule, and nation. He helped strongly with Independence.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
History of Brazil Independence Day

Brazil's history is a complex tale of politics and power. Before the Europeans arrived, Brazil was populated with Stone-Age tribes. Not much is known about these settlements as there isn't a lot of written evidence about their lifestyle. The Portuguese landed in 1500 and Brazil was claimed by Pedro Álvares Cabral as a colony of Portugal. In 1532, São Vicente was established as the first permanent Portuguese settlement and, in 1549, Salvador was declared as the first capital of Brazil. It became a major port for sugarcane and slaves. Slaves were brought in from Africa to do labor work and, through battles and wars, Brazil was able to expand. The Portuguese took over Rio de Janeiro by defeating the French and captured several Dutch and British extensions.

Napoleon was attempting to conquer Europe during the early 1800s. In his absence, French troops invaded Lisbon. Prince Regent John VI set up the Portuguese Royal Court in Rio de Janeiro to avoid being disposed of.

From 1808, the Portuguese king ruled his vast empire from Rio de Janeiro. After the Independence War ended, Brazil declared its independence and ceased to be a Portuguese colony in 1822, becoming the Empire of Brazil. Until 1831, Pedro I ruled, giving up his throne to his five-year-old son, Pedro II. Years of rebellion followed this. After a military coup in 1889, the Brazilian Republic was established and Pedro II was expelled. The territory was renamed the Republic of the United States of Brazil and was renamed again to the Federative Republic of Brazil in 1967.

Independence Day celebrations are held on a vast level across Brazil. The day is marked with military parades and patriotic performances during the day and fireworks at night in major cities. The national celebration is hosted at the Ministries Esplanade with the president of Brazil present and spearheading the civil military parade.

Picnics and other outdoor activities are a tradition, with thousands of Brazilians gathering on the streets to celebrate together.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Sete de Septembro is here! We wish Brazil a very happy Independence Day on September 7.

# data[].attributes.headline
September 16th,  a priest that was named Miguel Hidalgo had become the father of Mexican class.  Mexico was going at it towards the Spanish government. “Grito de Dolores,” Hidalgo’s announcement had put a end to 300 years of colonial rule.

# data[].attributes.subject
September 16th,  a priest that was named Miguel Hidalgo had become the father of Mexican class.  Mexico was going at it towards the Spanish government. “Grito de Dolores,” Hidalgo’s announcement had put a end to 300 years of colonial rule.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Table of Contents

1. Background to Mexican Independence&nbsp;

2. Mexican War of Independence

3. Celebrating Mexican Independence

On September 16, 1810, a progressive priest named Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla became the father of Mexican independence with a historic proclamation urging his fellow Mexicans to take up arms against the Spanish government. Known as the "Grito de Dolores," Hidalgo's declaration launched a decade-long struggle that ended 300 years of colonial rule, established an independent Mexico and helped cultivate a unique Mexican identity. Its anniversary is now celebrated as the country's birthday.

Background to Mexican Independence

The land that is now Mexico fell into Spanish hands in August 1521 when Hernán Cortés and his army of conquistadors toppled the Aztec empire, ushering in three centuries of colonial rule and importing new diseases that decimated once-flourishing native populations. Under orders from the Spanish king, Charles V, Cortés founded a capital city-Ciudad de Mexico-on the ruins of Tenochtitlan, and a series of viceroys took command of the territory, which was dubbed New Spain.

Did you know? Despite his traditional education for the priesthood, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla rejected or questioned many of Catholicism's most fundamental tenets, including the Virgin birth, clerical celibacy and the existence of hell.

The earliest revolt against the Spanish colonial government was led by Martín Cortés, the illegitimate son of Hernán Cortés and his translator, a Mayan-born woman known as La Malinche. In the years leading up to the Mexican War of Independence, most plots to end Spanish rule were devised by Mexican-born Spaniards, or criollos, who ranked below native Europeans within Mexico's highly stratified caste system. The criollos' approach largely excluded Indigenous Mexicans and mestizos -people of mixed ancestry like Martín Cortés-who were often deprived of the most basic political and civil rights.

Mexican War of Independence

Napoleon's invasion and occupation of Spain from 1808 to 1813 heightened the revolutionary fervor in Mexico and other Spanish colonies. On September 16, 1810, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a respected Catholic priest (and an unconventional one, given his rejection of celibacy and love of gambling) issued a passionate rallying cry known as the "Grito de Dolores" ("Cry of Dolores") that amounted to a declaration of war against the colonial government. So named because it was publicly read in the town of Dolores, the Grito called for the end of Spanish rule in Mexico, the redistribution of land and a concept that the criollos' earlier plans had deliberately omitted: racial equality. Though a criollo himself, Hidalgo extended his call to arms to mestizos and people of Indigenous descent; their significant contribution of manpower changed the tenor of the revolt.

Hidalgo led his growing militia from village to village en route to Mexico City, leaving in their wake a bloodbath that he later came to deeply regret. Defeated at Calderón in January 1811, Hidalgo fled north but was captured and executed by firing squad in Chihuahua. Others took the helm of the rebellion, including José María Morelos y Pavón, Mariano Matamoros and Vicente Guerrero, who all led armies of Indigenous and racially mixed revolutionaries against the Spanish royalists. Known as the Mexican War Of Independence, the conflict dragged on until 1821, when the Treaty of Córdoba established Mexico as an independent constitutional monarchy under Agustín de Iturbide. Just 18 months later, the republican insurgents Antonio López de Santa Anna and Guadalupe Victoria ousted the emperor and established the first Mexican Republic.

Celebrating Mexican Independence

Although September 16, 1810, marked the beginning of Mexico's struggle for independence rather than its ultimate achievement, the anniversary of the Grito de Dolores has been a day of celebration across Mexico since the late 19th century. The holiday begins on the evening of September 15 with a symbolic reenactment of Hidalgo's historic proclamation by the president of the republic and the governor of each state. The next day, typical activities include parades, bullfights, rodeos and traditional dancing. In 2010, the festivities included a special-if somewhat macabre-feature: In honor of the country's bicentennial, the remains of 12 men who fought for Mexican independence-including Hidalgo, Morelos, Matamoros and Guerrero-were exhumed in a military ceremony led by President Felipe Calderón.

Many non-Mexicans, particularly in the United States, often mistake the Cinco de Mayo holiday for a celebration of Mexican independence; instead, it commemorates the Mexican army's 1862 victory over France at the Battle of Puebla during the French-Mexican War.

Fact Check

We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Struggle for Mexican Independence - War, Causes & Effects

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Mexico was first populated more than 13,000 years ago before the Spanish conquered and colonized the country in the 16th century. In 1810, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest, launched the Mexican War of Independence when he issued his Grito de Dolores, or "Cry of Delores."