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1. Mușchii piciorului și ai gambelor: Liberoul trebuie să fie rapid și agil pentru a se deplasa rapid în teren și pentru a recepta mingea. Mușchii piciorului, inclusiv quadricepsul și ischiogambierii, sunt implicați în mișcările rapide și săriturile necesare pentru a ajunge la mingi.

2. Mușchii trunchiului: Un trunchi puternic contribuie la menținerea stabilității și echilibrului în timpul mișcărilor rapide și a schimbărilor de direcție. Mușchii abdominali și cei ai spatelui sunt critici în acest sens.

3. Mușchii brațului și ai umerilor: Liberoul trebuie să aibă o bună coordonare și precizie în prinderea și transmiterea mingii. Dezvoltarea mușchilor brațului, inclusiv a deltoidului și a mușchilor antebrațului, contribuie la abilitățile sale de receptare.

4. Mușchii respiratori: Deoarece liberoul este adesea implicat în scurte sprinturi și schimbări rapide de direcție, o buna funcționare a mușchilor respiratori este importantă pentru a susține nivelul de energie și pentru a asigura o bună oxigenare a corpului.

5. Mușchii pelvieni: Mușchii pelvieni joacă un rol în stabilitatea trunchiului și a bazinului, ceea ce este crucial în timpul mișcărilor rapide și a schimbărilor de direcție.

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Sérgio Dutra dos Santos, known as Serginho or Escadinha (born 15 October 1975) is a Brazilian former volleyball player and four-time Olympian. As a member of the Brazilian national volleyball team, he won gold medals at the 2004 and 2016 Olympics, and silver medals at the 2008 and 2012 Olympics.

Additionally, Serginho is a two-time World Champion ( 2006, 2010), and a multimedalist of the World League, South American Championship, World Cup, and the Grand Champions Cup. In 2009, he became the first libero to be named Most Valuable Player in the history of the FIVB World League.

Serginho during match of 2012 FIVB World League.

Sérgio Santos with teammates Wallace de Souza, Maurício Souza during match with France at 2016 Olympics in Rio.

The finale with Italy at 2016 Olympics in Rio.

Medal ceremony at 2016 Olympics.

Serginho is widely regarded as one of the best liberos of all time and is unquestionably the best libero of the 2000s, with more awards than any other libero. Known for his outstanding service reception and digging capabilities, teams often attempt to avoid Sergio when serving. Beyond his defensive abilities, he is also capable of running the offense as a 'second setter' if the setter is forced to make the first contact. This is in large part due to Sergio playing the setting position while growing up and subbing in as a setter for his professional club teams over the years.

Serginho is a multimedialist of every volleyball tournament in the 2000s. He is a seven-time South American Champion, and he won with Brazil every South American Championship during his whole career in the national team. In 2002 and 2006, he achieved titles of World Champion. During his career, he achieved seven gold and three silver medals of the FIVB World League. In his achievements are also medals in World Cup, World Grand Champions Cup, and Pan American Games.

In 2004, Serginho became an Olympic Champion for the first time. However, in the next two Olympics, the Brazilian national volleyball team won silver medals only. Serginho semi-retired from the national team after the 2012 Olympics, and returned only for the 2015 World League. After that he declined to compete at the 2016 Rio Olympics, but was persuaded by Bernardinho to return. Bernardinho claimed that, while Serginho no longer had the agility that made him famous, he had experience and maturity to lead the team during a tournament that would certainly be rife with pressure on the Brazilian team, since they were playing on their country and coming from two losses on previous Olympics. Serginho was essential to motivate his team against France. They were losing, and on a break, Serginho told his colleagues that, while they all had at least one more chance at going to the Olympics, he didn't - those would be his last Olympic Games. Eventually, Brazil won the gold medal against Italy, and Serginho was acclaimed by the cheering fans, who called him king. After the match against Italy, Serginho was named the tournament's most valued player. He announced after the Rio finals against Italy he will play professionally for two more years.

CEV Champions League

CEV Top Teams Cup

National championships

2001/2002 Brazilian Championship, with CRET São Caetano

2002/2003 Brazilian Championship, with CRET São Caetano

National team

Individual

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Sérgio Dutra dos Santos, known as Serginho or Escadinha (born 15 October 1975) is a Brazilian former volleyball player and four-time Olympian. As a member of the Brazilian national volleyball team, he won gold medals at the 2004 and 2016 Olympics, and silver medals at the 2008 and 2012 Olympics.

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History

Volleyball was invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan, physical director of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke, Massachusetts. It was designed as an indoor sport for businessmen who found the new game of basketball too vigorous. Morgan called the sport "mintonette," until a professor from Springfield College in Massachusetts noted the volleying nature of play and proposed the name of "volleyball." The original rules were written by Morgan and printed in the first edition of the Official Handbook of the Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian Associations of North America (1897). The game soon proved to have wide appeal for both sexes in schools, playgrounds, the armed forces, and other organizations in the United States, and it was subsequently introduced to other countries.

In 1916 rules were issued jointly by the YMCA and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The first nationwide tournament in the United States was conducted by the National YMCA Physical Education Committee in New York City in 1922. The United States Volleyball Association (USVBA) was formed in 1928 and recognized as the rules-making, governing body in the United States. From 1928 the USVBA-now known as USA Volleyball (USAV)-has conducted annual national men's and senior men's (age 35 and older) volleyball championships, except during 1944 and 1945. Its women's division was started in 1949, and a senior women's division (age 30 and older) was added in 1977. Other national events in the United States are conducted by member groups of the USAV such as the YMCA and the NCAA.

Volleyball was introduced into Europe by American troops during World War I, when national organizations were formed. The Fédération Internationale de Volley Ball (FIVB) was organized in Paris in 1947 and moved to Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1984. The USVBA was one of the 13 charter members of the FIVB, whose membership grew to more than 210 member countries by the late 20th century.

International volleyball competition began in 1913 with the first Far East Games, in Manila. During the early 1900s and continuing until after World War II, volleyball in Asia was played on a larger court, with a lower net, and nine players on a team.

The FIVB-sponsored world volleyball championships (for men only in 1949; for both men and women in 1952 and succeeding years) led to acceptance of standardized playing rules and officiating. Volleyball became an Olympic sport for both men and women at the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo.

European championships were long dominated by Czechoslovakian, Hungarian, Polish, Bulgarian, Romanian, and Soviet (later, Russian) teams. At the world and Olympic level, Soviet teams have won more titles, both men's and women's, than those of any other nation. Their success was attributed to widespread grassroots interest and well-organized play and instruction at all levels of skill. A highly publicized Japanese women's team, Olympic champions in 1964, reflected the interest of private industry in sport. Young women working for the sponsoring company devoted their free time to conditioning, team practice, and competition under expert and demanding coaching. Encouraged by the Japanese Volleyball Association, this women's team made its mark in international competition, winning the World Championship in 1962, 1966, and 1967, in addition to the 1964 Olympics. At the end of the 20th century, however, the Cuban women's team dominated both the World Championships and the Olympics.

The Pan American Games (involving South, Central, and North America) added volleyball in 1955, and Brazil, Mexico, Canada, Cuba, and the United States are frequent contenders for top honours. In Asia, China, Japan, and Korea dominate competition. Volleyball, especially beach volleyball, is played in Australia, New Zealand, and throughout the South Pacific.

A four-year cycle of international volleyball events, recommended by the FIVB, began in 1969 with World Cup championships, to be held in the year following the Olympic Games; the second year is the World Championships; in the third the regional events are held (e.g., European championships, Asian Games, African Games, Pan American Games); and in the fourth year the Olympic Games.

Beach volleyball-usually played, as its name implies, on a sand court with two players per team-was introduced in California in 1930. The first official beach volleyball tournament was held in 1948 at Will Rogers State Beach, in Santa Monica, California, and the first FIVB-sanctioned world championship was held in 1986 at Rio de Janeiro. Beach volleyball was added to the roster of the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia.

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Volleyball | Definition, History, Rules, Positions, Court, & Facts

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Volleyball, game played by two teams, usually of six players on a side, in which the players use their hands to bat a ball back and forth over a high net, trying to make the ball touch the court within the opponents' playing area before it can be returned.

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1. Excelența în Apărare: Jucătorul de libero are responsabilitatea principală de a apăra și de a scoate mingea în joc atunci când adversarii execută atacuri. Prin abilitățile lor de apărare, liberonii pot salva echipele de puncte pierdute și pot menține ritmul jocului.

2. Recepționarea Precisă: Un alt obiectiv important al unui libero este să ofere recepții precise, permițând setterului și celorlalți atacatori să efectueze lovituri eficiente. O recepție bună este crucială pentru ca echipa să poată organiza un atac eficient.

3. Flexibilitate în Mișcare: Jucătorii de libero trebuie să fie agili și rapizi în mișcare. Ei trebuie să poată acoperi terenul cu ușurință pentru a ajunge la mingi dificile și pentru a asigura o apărare eficientă în diferite zone ale terenului.

4. Comunicare Eficientă: Un libero bun trebuie să fie un lider vocal în teren. Comunicarea eficientă cu ceilalți membri ai echipei este esențială pentru a coordona apărarea și pentru a evita confuziile în timpul jocului.

5. Concentrare și Reacție Rapidă: Deoarece jucătorii de libero sunt adesea implicați în schimburi rapide și jocuri intense, concentrarea și reacția rapidă sunt cheie pentru a face față situațiilor dinamice din teren.

6. Gestionarea Loviturilor de Serviciu: Jucătorii de libero sunt adesea primii care intră în contact cu mingea după un serviciu. Capacitatea de a gestiona loviturile de serviciu dificile și de a le aduce în joc este esențială.

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1. Echipament distinct: Jucătorul de libero trebuie să poarte un echipament distinct, inclusiv o cămașă cu culori diferite față de celelalte jucătoare din echipă. Acest lucru ajută oficialii să identifice ușor jucătorul de libero.

2. Limită de înălțime: Jucătorul de libero nu poate ataca sau bloca la fileu, și, de asemenea, nu poate servi sau lovi mingea de pe poziția de la fileu. În plus, la momentul lovirii mingii într-un atac advers, jucătorul de libero nu poate sări sau să atingă mingea deasupra nivelului netului.

3. Schimburi nelimitate: Libero poate intra și ieși din teren de câte ori este necesar în timpul unui set, înlocuind orice jucător din spatele fileului. Aceasta facilitează apărarea și recepționarea pentru echipă.

4. Nu poate fi căpitan de echipă: Jucătorul de libero nu poate fi desemnat căpitan de echipă și nu poate purta bandă de căpitan.

5. Restricții de rotație: Libero trebuie să respecte anumite reguli de rotație. De exemplu, la intrarea în teren, libero trebuie să intre din spatele liniei de atac (linia de 10 picioare) și să schimbe locul cu jucătorul pe care îl înlocuiește.

6. Nu poate servi: Libero nu are dreptul să execute servicii, înlocuind oricare dintre jucătoarele de fund.