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Positivism is the idea that we should only trust knowledge that comes from science, facts, and direct observation. It waas developed by Auguste Comte, who believed that society should be studied like the natural siences.

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He related education to children’s natural growth and development.Also, he contributed to peace and understanding.

Role of the teacher:

A permissive facilitator of learning, bases instruction on child’s stages of development.

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Create a learning environment that allows the child innate, natural goodness to flourish.

Role of the teacher:

Assists nature rather than imposing social conventions on the child.

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Develop the human being’s moral, mental and physical powers harmoniously; use sense perception in forming clear ideas.

Role of the teacher:

Acts as a loving facilitator of learning by creating a home-like school environment.

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Develop many sided-interests and moral character. Systematic organization of instruction; preparation, presentation, association, generalization, application.

Role of the teacher:

A well-prepared professional who follows the prescribed sequence in teaching.

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Develop the latent spiritual essence of the child in a prepared environment. Self activity, play and imitation.

Role of the teacher:

Facilitates children’s growth.

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Enable human beings to live effectively, economically and scientifically. Reliance on sensation and the scientific method.

Role of the teacher:

Organizes instructions in basic activities.

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Contribute to the individual’s personal, social and intellectual growth. Problem solving according to the scientific method.

Role of the teacher:

Creates a learning environment based on learner’s shared experience.

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In education, Positivism means teaching and learning should be based on facts, evidence, and direct observation, rather than opinions or believes. It focuses on structural learning, mesurable outcomes, and scientific methods to improve education.

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Assimilate immigrants into American society while preserving their ethnic cultural heritages. Begin with learner’s neighborhood, culture and needs; lead to boarder social realities and connections.

Role of the teacher:

Engages in a reciprocal or mutual learning experience with students.

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Assists children’s sensory, muscular, and intellectual development in a prepared environment. Spontaneous learning activities, practical, sensory and formal skills, exercises for practical life.

Role of the teacher:

Acts as a facilitator of learning by using didactic materials in a prepared environment.

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Organize education in terms of children’s patterns of growth and development.

Role of the teacher:

Organizes instruction according to stages of cognitive development.

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Raise consciousness about exploitative conditions. Use of personal and group biographies.

Role of the teacher:

Stimulates awareness of real conditions of life.

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A simple example of Positivism in education is how teachers give students certain topics that are facts and can be proven.

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Marxism is a way of understanding how society, politics and the economy work, based on the ideas of Karl Marx.

It is basically ending economic inequality by giving power to workers instead of bussiness owners.

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What is Marxism? | Marxism Explained | Who was Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels? Communist Manifesto

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In education, Marxism sees schools as way to mantain the power of the rich and keep the system of inequality going.

Marxist eduators argue that schools should help students think critically, challenge unfair systems, and work toward a more equal society.

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A simple example of Marxism in education is how schools prepare students differently based on their social class.