# data[].attributes.body
“King Nzinga converted to Christianity and urged the Kongo nobility and peasant classes to follow suit. To varying degrees, the Kongo Kingdom stayed Christian for the next 200 years.” (African Christianity in Kongo , by Emma George Ross)

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"because the thieves and men of bad conscience grab them wishing to have the things and wares of this Kingdom…. So great, Sir, is the corruption…that our country is being completely depopulated, and Your Highness should not agree with this nor accept it.” (Letters to the King of Portugal).

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“The slave trade caused direct loss of life through warfare, both with Europeans and among African ethnic groups.” (The Choices Program).

# data[].attributes.body
“In response, King Alfonso fought to stop the trade by making it a requirement to have approval from him and his nobles for the number of people taken into slavery.” (A  History of Sub-Saharan Africa).

# data[].attributes.body
“he abolished slavery and the slave trade in the Kingdom of Kongo by law in 1526.”(A  History of Sub-Saharan Africa).

# data[].attributes.body
“When the Portuguese arrived in the 15th century, they added stone buildings constructed using European methods.” (UNESCO).

# data[].attributes.body
“Slaves became the tool through which Kongo developed and continued their material, cultural, and diplomatic ties with the European powers.” (South African History Online).

# data[].attributes.body
“The Kongo kings, whose names had long before been changed to reflect the Christian beliefs and structures, found that their local religious beliefs had similarities with Christianity and so they were easily able to combine the two.” (Metropolitan Museum of Art).

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“Many nobles changed their names to Portuguese variations, and it would also include the adoption of European titles such as ‘duke,’ ‘count,’ and ‘king' " (South African History Online).

# data[].attributes.body
“In the years to follow there would be continued conflict over religion in Kongo.” This is in a text by South African History Online (SAHO)

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“The slave trade caused direct loss of life through warfare, both with Europeans and among African ethnic groups.” This was in Colonialism in the Congo: Conquest, Conflict, and Commerce by the Choices Program, 2005

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“In frustration he abolished slavery and the slave trade in the Kingdom of Kongo by law in 1526.” This was in A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, 2007 by Dr. Robert Collins and James Burns

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“King Afonso fought to stop the trade by making it a requirement to have approval from him and his nobles for the people and amount of people taken into slavery.” This was in A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, 2007 by Dr. Robert Collins and James Burns

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“adoption of European titles such as ‘duke,’ ‘count’ and ‘king.’” This is in a text by South African History Online (SAHO)

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“Eight years later King Nzinga would ask, for unknown reasons, to be baptised, and in the process would change his name to João I.” This is in a text by South African History Online (SAHO)

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‘“The things needed for the church are the following...a silver cross, a monstrance for the Corpus Christi, curtains for the alter, half a dozen surplices.”’ This is in The African Slave Trade, 1980 by Basil Davidson

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“Later buildings reflect not only the continuation of Christianity but also the influence of Portugal in the 19th century. “ This was in Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo by UNESCO

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“ King Afonso fought to stop the trade by making it a requirement to have approval from him and his nobles for the people and amount of people taken into slavery. In frustration he abolished slavery and the slave trade in the Kingdom of Kongo by law in 1526. Both policies failed and were ignored by the Portuguese.”(History of Sub Saharan Africa)

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"In response King Afonso fought to stop the trade by making it a requirement to have approval from him and his nobles for the people and amount of people taken into slavery"

-A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, 2007 by Dr. Robert Collins and James Burns

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“because the thieves and men of bad conscience grab them wishing to have the things and wares of this Kingdom…. So great, Sir, is the corruption…that our country is being completely depopulated, and Your Highness should not agree with this nor accept it.”(Letters to the King of Portugal)

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“Mbanza Kongo illustrates, more than anywhere in sub-Saharan Africa, the profound changes caused by the introduction of Christianity and the arrival of the Portuguese into Central Africa.” (UNESCO)

# data[].attributes.body
“The Kingdom of Kongo was religiously strong, and the missionaries were allowed to stay only through the allowance of the King”(South African Online)

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“Initially, the Kongo were glad to trade with the Portuguese, because the relationship provided a new market for their goods and they received goods from the Portuguese.” Colonialism in the Congo: Conquest, Conflict, and Commerce by the Choices Program,

“The slave trade caused direct loss of life through warfare, both with Europeans and among African ethnic groups. Fighting caused indirect loss of life through destruction of crops and food storage areas, and through the spread of diseases. Historians estimate that one and a half million Africans were taken out of the Congo region and enslaved. ” Colonialism in the Congo: Conquest, Conflict, and Commerce by the Choices Program,

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“Fighting caused indirect loss of life through destruction of crops and food storage areas, and through the spread of diseases”

-Letters to the King of Portugal, 1526 by King Nzinga Mbemba

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“The adoption of Christianity allowed the kings of Kongo to talk to and negotiate with an international community of leaders beyond Portugal that included the Vatican”(Crucifix from the Kingdom of Kongo)

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“In frustration he abolished slavery and the slave trade in the Kingdom of Kongo by law in 1526.” A History of Sub-Saharan Africa,

This piece of evidence supports my other responses

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“...the political and religious center of Mbanza Kongo as an outstanding example of a group of architectural structures that illustrate the changes that came from the introduction of Christianity and the arrival of the Portuguese into Central Africa in the 15th century.”(Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo by UNESCO.)

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“The Kongo were glad to trade with the Portuguese, because the relationship provided a new market for their goods and they received goods from the Portuguese.”(Catholicism of Kongo)

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“ King Afonso fought to stop the trade by making it a requirement to have approval from him and his nobles for the people and amount of people taken into slavery.” A History of Sub-Saharan Africa,

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“the kingdom created religious objects used to showcase and validate the conversion to Christianity” (African Christianity in Kongo)

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“Although slavery was an integral part of Kongo society, the slave trade was not. By 1514 the Portuguese demand for slaves turned a domestic practice into an international trade market.”  A History of Sub-Saharan Africa,

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“Mbanza Kongo illustrates, more than anywhere in sub-Saharan Africa, the profound changes caused by the introduction of Christianity and the arrival of the Portuguese into Central Africa”(UNESCO)

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“Although slavery was an integral part of Kongo society, the slave trade was not.” (A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, Source 1 - Slave Trade)

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“‘Most high and most powerful prince and king my brother,” he was writing in 1517, “it is due to the need I have of several things for the church that I am importuning you.”’

(The African Slave Trade)

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“The Kongo kingdom remained Christian for the next 200 years. During the 200 years the kingdom created  religious objects used to showcase and validate the conversion to Christianity”(African Christianity by Kongo).

# data[].attributes.body
“King Nzinga converted to Christianity and urged the Kongo nobility and peasant classes to follow suit” (African Christianity in Kongo by Emma George Ross in 2002)

# data[].attributes.body
“Slaves became the tool through which Kongo developed and continued their material, cultural and diplomatic ties with the European powers.”(SAHO)

# data[].attributes.body
"The kingdom created religious objects used to showcase and validate the conversion to Christianity" (African Christianity in Kongo)

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“The historical area grew around where the king of Kongo lived, the holy tree, as well as the royal funeral places.”

(Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo)

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“Our Kingdom is being lost in so many ways.... We cannot reckon how great the damage is, since the mentioned merchants are taking every day our natives, sons of the land and the sons of our noblemen and vassals…” (Letters to the King of Portugal, Source 3 - Slave Trade)

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"The Kongo kings whose names had long before been changed to reflect the Christian beliefs and structures found that their local religious beliefs had similarities with Christianity and so they were easily able to combine the two. They did not feel that they had abandoned one for the other." (Crucifix from the Kingdom of Kongo, 16th-17th century)

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“Although slavery was an integral part of Kongo society, the slave trade was not. By 1514 the Portuguese demand for slaves turned a domestic practice into an international trade market.”  A History of Sub-Saharan Africa,

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(Crucifix of the kingdom of kongo.)

“The adoption of Christianity allowed the kings of Kongo to talk to and negotiate with an international community of leaders beyond Portugal that included the Vatican.”

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“In frustration he abolished slavery and the slave trade in the Kingdom of Kongo by law in 1526.”(A History of Sub-Saharan Africa)

# data[].attributes.body
“Your Highness should not agree with this nor accept it.”  (Letters to the King of Portugal)

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“After 1590 several civil wars and rebellions weakened the King’s authority and caused an increasing amount of Kongolese subjects to be enslaved.” (South African History Online (SAHO))

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“In 1491, King Nzinga converted to Christianity and urged the Kongo nobility and peasant classes to follow suit.”  African Christianity in Kongo

# data[].attributes.body
“So great, Sir, is the corruption…that our country is being completely depopulated, and Your Highness should not agree with this nor accept it.” (Letters to the King of Portugal, Source 3 - Slave Trade)

# data[].attributes.body
“A major barrier for the Kingdom of Kongo was that slaves were the only commodity which foreign powers were willing to trade for”( South African History Online (SAHO))

# data[].attributes.body
“ …the thieves and men of bad conscience grab them wishing to have the things and wares of this Kingdom…” (Letters to the King of Portugal, 1526 by King Nzinga Mbemba)

# data[].attributes.body
“When the Portuguese arrived in the 15th century they added stone buildings constructed using European methods” (UNESCO)

# data[].attributes.body
“When the Portuguese arrived in the 15th century they added stone buildings constructed using European methods to the existing buildings that were built using  the local materials of Kongo.”(The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization)

# data[].attributes.body
“Slaves became the tool through which Kongo developed and continued their material, cultural and diplomatic ties with the European powers”( South African History Online (SAHO)

# data[].attributes.body
“After the Portuguese established sugar-cane plantations on nearby islands off the coast of central Africa, they found African labor to be a much more valuable commodity. ” (Colonialism in the Congo: Conquest, Conflict, and Commerce)

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“the Kongo leadership engaged in extensive communications with religious and political leaders from Europe”

(African Christianity in Kongo, Emma George Ross)

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“So great, Sir, is the corruption…that our country is being completely depopulated”

(Letters to the King of Portugal)

# data[].attributes.body
“The Christianization of Kongo would cause many nobles to change their names to Portuguese variations, and it would also include the adoption of European titles.” (South African History Online, Source 2 - Christianity)

# data[].attributes.body
“In the years to follow, there would be continued conflict over religion in Kongo.” (Kingdom of Kongo 1390-1914 by SAHO)

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“By 1514 the Portuguese demand for slaves turned a domestic practice into an international trade market. “

(A History of Sub-Saharan Africa)

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“There was no full-scale conversion to Catholicism.” (Kingdom of Kongo 1390-1914 by SAHO)

[shows hesitancy]

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“Mbanza Kongo illustrates, more than anywhere in sub-Saharan Africa, the profound changes caused by the introduction of Christianity and the arrival of the Portuguese into Central Africa” (UNESCO)

# data[].attributes.body
“Mbanza Kongo as an outstanding example of a group of architectural structures that illustrate the changes that came from the introduction of Christianity and the arrival of the Portuguese into Central Africa in the 15th century.”

(Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo, UNESCO)

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“That Kongolese kings had no international currency other than people” (Slave Trade by SAHO)

# data[].attributes.body
“During the 200 years, the kingdom created  religious objects to showcase and validate the conversion to Christianity.”(African Christianity in Kongo by Emma George Ross)

# data[].attributes.body
“Kongo is the place where, in 1624, the first catechism was written in the Kikongo language to be used to spread Christianity across the Kingdom.” (Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo by UNESCO.)

# data[].attributes.body
“Christianization of Kongo would cause many nobles to change their names to Portuguese variations” (Kingdom of Kongo 1390-1914 by SAHO)

# data[].attributes.body
“When the Portuguese arrived in the 15th century, they added stone buildings constructed using European methods to the existing buildings that were built using  the local materials of Kongo” (European Architecture by UNESCO)

# data[].attributes.headline
Architecture“They added stone buildings constructed using European methods”(The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 2018,”

# data[].attributes.subject
Architecture“They added stone buildings constructed using European methods”(The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 2018,”

# data[].attributes.body
“The kingdom created religious objects used to showcase and validate the conversion to Christianity” (African Christianity in Kongo by Emma George Ross)

# data[].attributes.body
“In frustration he abolished slavery and the slave trade in the Kingdom of Kongo by law in 1526.” (A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, 2007, Dr. Robert Collins and James Burns. Dr. Collins)

# data[].attributes.body
“In response King Afonso fought to stop the trade by making it a requirement to have approval from him and his nobles for the people and amount of people taken into slavery.” (A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, 2007, Dr. Robert Collins and James Burns. Dr. Collins)

# data[].attributes.body
“The slave trade caused direct loss of life through warfare, both with Europeans and among African ethnic groups. Fighting caused indirect loss of life through destruction of crops and food storage areas, and through the spread of diseases”(Colonialism in the Congo: Conquest, Conflict, and Commerce by the Choices Program, 2005)

# data[].attributes.body
“King Nzinga would ask, for unknown reasons, to be baptized, and in the process would change his name to João I.” (South African History Online)

# data[].attributes.body
"Slaves became the tool through which Kongo developed and continued their material, cultural and diplomatic ties with the European powers." (South African History Online)

# data[].attributes.body
“King Afonso fought to stop the trade by making it a requirement to have approval from him and his nobles for the people and amount of people taken into slavery.”(A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, 2007 by Dr. Robert Collins and James Burn)

# data[].attributes.body
“the Kongo kingdom remained Christian for the next 200 years.” (African Christianity in Kongo, Emma George Ross)

# data[].attributes.body
“In 1491, King Nzinga converted to Christianity and urged the Kongo nobility and peasant classes to follow suit.” (African Christianity in Kongo, Emma George Ross)

# data[].attributes.body
“So great, Sir, is the corruption…that our country is being completely depopulated, and Your Highness should not agree with this nor accept it.”

(Letters to the King of Portugal)

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“Mbanza Kongo is an outstanding example of a group of architectural structures that illustrate the changes that came from the introduction of Christianity and the arrival of the Portuguese into Central Africa in the 15th century.” (Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo, Source 3 - Medicine and Architecture)

# data[].attributes.body
“The slave trade caused direct loss of life through warfare.” (Colonialism in the Congo: Conquest, Conflict, and Commerce)

# data[].attributes.body
“During the 200 years the kingdom created  religious objects used to showcase and validate the conversion to Christianity.”

(African Christianity in Kongo by Emma Ross)

“A major barrier for the Kingdom of Kongo was that slaves were the only commodity which foreign powers were willing to trade for”

(South African History Online)

# data[].attributes.body
“So great, Sir, is the corruption…that our country is being completely depopulated, and Your Highness should not agree with this nor accept it.” (Letters to the King of Portugal)

# data[].attributes.body
“slavery was an integral part of Kongo society” (Colonialism in the Congo: Conquest, Conflict, and Commerce)

# data[].attributes.body
“However, after 1590 several civil wars and rebellions weakened the King’s authority”

(South African History Online)

# data[].attributes.body
“Mbanza Kongo illustrates, more than anywhere in sub-Saharan Africa, the profound changes caused by the introduction of Christianity and the arrival of the Portuguese into Central Africa.”

(The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization)

# data[].attributes.body
“the mentioned merchants are taking every day our natives, sons of the land and the sons of our noblemen and vassals and our relatives, because the thieves and men of bad conscience grab them wishing to have the things and wares of this Kingdom” (Letters to the King of Portugal)

# data[].attributes.body
“Slaves became the tool through which Kongo developed and continued their material, cultural and diplomatic ties with the European powers.”

(South African History Online)

# data[].attributes.body
“The slave trade caused direct loss of life through warfare,” (Colonialism in the Congo: Conquest, Conflict, and Commerce)

# data[].attributes.body
“Later buildings reflect not only the continuation of Christianity but also the influence of Portugal in the 19th century.” (Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo, Source 3 - Medicine and Architecture)

# data[].attributes.body
“the Kongolese authorities paid the Catholic church in slaves for bishops to perform various religious duties in the Kingdom.”

(South African History Online)

# data[].attributes.body
“When the Portuguese arrived in the 15th century they added stone buildings constructed using European methods to the existing buildings that were built using  the local materials of Kongo”

(The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization)

# data[].attributes.headline
“The adoption of Christianity allowed the kings of Kongo to talk to and negotiate with an international community of leaders beyond Portugal“ (Crucifix from the Kingdom of Kongo)

# data[].attributes.subject
“The adoption of Christianity allowed the kings of Kongo to talk to and negotiate with an international community of leaders beyond Portugal“ (Crucifix from the Kingdom of Kongo)

# data[].attributes.body
“Later buildings reflect not only the continuation of Christianity but also the influence of Portugal in the 19th century. “ (Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo)

# data[].attributes.body
“A major barrier for the Kingdom of Kongo was that slaves were the only commodity which foreign powers were willing to trade for”  (South African History Online)

# data[].attributes.body
“The historical area grew around where the king of Kongo lived”

(The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization)

# data[].attributes.body
“Kongo developed and continued their material, cultural and diplomatic ties with the European powers.” (South African History Online)

# data[].attributes.body
“Kongo is the place where in 1624 the first catechism was written in the Kikongo language to be used to spread Christianity across the Kingdom. Later buildings reflect not only the continuation of Christianity” (Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo)

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“the Kongo leadership engaged in extensive communications with religious and political leaders from Europe”

(African Christianity in Kongo by Emma Ross)

# data[].attributes.body
“Initially, the Kongo were glad to trade with the Portuguese” (Colonialism in the Congo: Conquest, Conflict, and Commerce)

# data[].attributes.body
“Mbanza Kongo [is] an outstanding example of a group of architectural structures that illustrate the changes that came from the introduction of Christianity and the arrival of the Portuguese into Central Africa in the 15th century.” (Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo)