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Unless' is used when we want to make an exception. It is only used as a conjunction. 

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'Unless' as a Conjunction

'Unless mainly functions as a conjunction in sentences.

Use

'Unless' as a Subordinating Conjunction

'Unless' is a subordinating conjunction and we connect two clauses with it, one of which is dependent and needs the main clause to be complete. It is used when we want to show a conditional situation.

Example

He can't go unless you go with him.

Unless someone cancels their reservation, we're totally full.

Position in a Sentence

Since 'unless' is a subordinate conjunction, we can put it at the beginning of the subordinate clause or between the two clauses.

Example

Unless he's in charge, he does not have the right to speak.

As you can see, 'unless' is at the beginning of the subordinate clause here.

I will not leave unless you want me to.

Here, 'unless' is between the two clauses.

'Unless' and Verb Tenses

It is important to know that we can use 'unless' with simple present, simple past, and perfect tenses.

Example

She cannot leave you unless you ask her to.

Here, both clauses are in the simple present tense.

The burglars threatened to leave me in the middle of nowhere unless I told them where they could find the girl.

Here, simple past has been used in both clauses.

Percy wouldn't have dared to do that unless some supernatural force had assisted him.

Here, the past perfect has been used.

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it connects two clauses or sentences, indicating a time relationship.

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'After' as a Conjunction

As mentioned earlier, 'after' can function as a conjunction. It acts as a subordinating conjunction, connecting two clauses and indicating the order or time relationship between them. Take a look at the following examples:

Example

After we finally settled in Austria, my father had to go back to Canada for a meeting.

I think she will learn her lessons after she has been completely torn to pieces.

Position in a Sentence

'After' functioning as a conjunction can appear at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.

Example

After we received the prize, the crowed went mad.

She hurried to my room after she had heard the devastating news.

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We use the conjunction unless to mean ‘except if’. The clause which follows unless is a subordinate clause : it needs a main clause to make a complete sentence.

When unless comes before the main clause, we use a comma:

Unless it rains,we’ll go for a picnic by the river tomorrow. (We’ll go for a picnic by the river tomorrow if it doesn’t rain.)

When the main clause comes first, we don’t need a comma:

They won’t come unless you invite them.

Unless is a conditional word (like if), so we don’t use will or would in the subordinate clause:

Unless I hear from you, I’ll see you at two o’clock.

Not: Unless I’ll hear from you …

Warning:

In speaking, we use unless to introduce an extra thought or piece of information:

He didn’t even know about the crash – unless he’d heard about it on the radio.

A:

Oh look. Neil next door’s got a new car.

B:

Unless they’ve got a visitor.

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While"

"While" is primarily used as a temporal conjunction, indicating that two actions or states happen at the same time or during the same period. It can also sometimes function as a concessive conjunction, similar to "although".

Characteristic: It often implies simultaneity or duration.

IT is use to show simultaneous actions: While I was cooking dinner, he was watching TV.

To show an action happening during a period: She listened to music while she worked.

(Less common) As a concession: While he is talented, he lacks discipline.

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"After" is primarily used as a temporal conjunction and a preposition. It indicates that one event happens or exists at a later time than another.

As a conjunction: It connects two clauses, indicating that the action in the main clause happens subsequent to the action in the clause introduced by "after".

As a preposition: It precedes a noun or pronoun, indicating that something happens or exists at a later time than that noun or pronoun.

How to use it:

As a conjunction:

After I finished work, I went to the gym. (The going to the gym happened after finishing work.)

We will eat dinner after you arrive. (Eating dinner will happen after your arrival.)

As a preposition:

We will leave after lunch. (Leaving will happen at a time subsequent to lunch.)

She called after the meeting. (The call happened at a time subsequent to the meeting.)

In short: "After" indicates that something happens or exists later in time than something else.

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 indicating a time period or contrasting two ideas.

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While' is a common word among native English speakers. It is used to function as a conjunction, a noun, and a verb.

1. Temporal Conjunction (During the time that):

"While" is used to show that two actions are happening at the same time.

It's often used with continuous tenses in both clauses to emphasize the duration of the actions.

Examples:

"She was cooking dinner while he was cleaning the house"

"I read the book while I was on vacation"

"The baby slept while I was working.

2. Contrasting Conjunction (Even though, although):

"While" can also be used to introduce a statement that contrasts with another statement.

It's similar to "although," "though," or "even though".

Examples:

"While the idea is interesting, it's not practical"

"While I appreciate your help, I can't accept it"

"While I have a lot of work to do, I will try to get some free time.

'While' is a subordinating conjunction and it connects a subordinate clause to the main one.

We mostly use 'while' to signify that something is done during another action. Look:

Example

He talked on the phone while I was trying to go to sleep.

As you can see, an action is happening at the same time as another action.

She thought she saw me leave while she was having lunch with her friends.

'While' can also mean 'despite the fact that'. Take a look at the following examples:

Example

While I respect you in all manners, I still insist that you are mistaken in this case.

While I care for you, I also sympathize with your mother greatly.

Position in a Sentence

Since 'while' is a subordinating conjunction here, we can put it at the beginning of the subordinate clause or between the two clauses.

Example

I was thinking to myself while I heard you talk behind me.

Here, it has been put between the two clauses.

While she pretends not to care about you, deep down she is caring and kind.

Here, it has been put at the beginning of the dependent clause.