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In early March, in Petrograd, Ukrainians created the Provisional Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee, which on 2 March addressed Ukrainians in the capital, calling on them to direct their energy "to win their own national and political rights" and fill it with "consciousness of their own national interests." Ten days later, the Committee held a demonstration of thousands in the centre of Petrograd.

During 3-5 March, the tsarist administration was virtually eliminated on the territory of Ukraine, and executive power was transferred to provincial and district commissioners appointed by the Provisional Government. As in Russia, the Councils of United Organisations, as well as the Councils of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, began to form in Ukraine.

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Creation of the Ukrainian People's Republic

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Creation of the Ukrainian People's Republic

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On 7th of November, the Central Rada, a newly formed provisional parliament, adopted the Third Universal, which provided for the establishment of the Ukrainian People's Republic, nationalisation of land, introduction of an 8-hour working day, establishment of state control over production, expansion of local self-government, freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, unions, strikes, inviolability of person and home, and abolition of the death penalty.

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Since early December 1917, the Bolshevik delegation had been preparing to sign a peace treaty with the Central Powers in Brest-Litovsk. Despite the fact that the foreign policy sympathies of the UPR leadership remained on the side of the Entente, circumstances prompted it to intervene in this negotiation process. On 13 December 1917, the delegations of the Central Powers agreed to allow the UPR representatives to participate in the peace talks.

At the end of December, the UPR delegation arrived in Brest-Litovsk. At the negotiations, the Ukrainian delegation demanded the territorial integrity of the UPR, i.e. the inclusion of the Kholmshchyna, Podlasie, Eastern Galicia, Northern Bukovyna, and Transcarpathia. This approach of the Ukrainian delegation provoked objections from the Austrian delegation. Eventually, the Germans and Austrians agreed to discuss the following demands of the Ukrainian side: recognition of the UPR; determination of Ukrainian borders with the inclusion of the Kholm region into the UPR; supply of 100,000 carloads of grain by June 1918; signing a separate agreement on Eastern Galicia.

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Brestsykiy mirniy dogovir. Ukrainsyka delegaciya na choli z O. Sevryukom 

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On 23 April 1918, a tripartite commission prepared an economic agreement between the UPR and Germany and Austria-Hungary. The UPR pledged to supply the Central Powers with 60 million poods of grain, 400 million eggs, and other agricultural products. This agreement prompted the Germans and Austrians to decide to change the government in the country. On 24 April, General W. Grenier met with a delegation of the Ukrainian People's Community. The parties reached an understanding on the issue of changing the government. On 25 April, by order of Field Marshal H. Eichhorn, German military field courts were introduced in the UPR. On 26 April, the Central Rada protested. On 28 April, a German military unit broke into the building where the Central Rada was meeting, arrested several of its members, and closed the meeting. On 29 April (1918), the Central Rada adopted the Statute on the State System, Rights and Freedoms of the Ukrainian People's Republic. On the same day, at the All-Ukrainian Congress of Farmers, which gathered about 6,500 delegates, Pavlo Skoropadskyi was proclaimed Hetman of Ukraine.

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On 19 October 1918, the "Proclamation of the Ukrainian National Rada" was issued on the establishment of the Ukrainian state in the Ukrainian ethnic lands of Austria-Hungary. On 13 November 1918, the UPR Rada approved the Constitutional foundations of the newly created state - the Temporary Basic Law on the State Independence of the Ukrainian Lands of the Former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy - and the new state was named the Western Ukrainian People's Republic.

The ZUNR covered the territory inhabited by Ukrainians: Eastern Galicia, Bukovyna, and Transcarpathia. On 1 November, Poland started the Polish-Ukrainian War, supported by the Entente countries, especially the French Republic. On 22 January 1919, unification took place: The ZUNR merged with the Ukrainian People's Republic and became known as the Western Region of the Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR). It was occupied on 18 July 1919 during the Polish-Ukrainian war. The territories of the ZUNR were annexed by Poland, the Kingdom of Romania and the Czechoslovak Republic. On 20 December 1919, Yevhen Petrushevych, with the support of the ZUNR Government in exile, terminated the Act of Unification with the UPR. The ZUNR government was in exile until 15 March 1923.

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the fall of the Hetman. Formation of the Directory

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the fall of the Hetman. Formation of the Directory

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By mid-November, the Central Powers had been defeated in the First World War. The victorious Entente did not recognise Ukraine's independence and actively supported the White Movement. The fragile compromise between the government and the opposition in the Ukrainian state was destroyed. In such circumstances, on 14 November, Skoropadskyi issued a letter "To all Ukrainian citizens", which stated that the Ukrainian state would be a federation with non-Bolshevik Russia. On the same day, the Hetman approved a new government headed by S. Herbel.

On 13 November, at a meeting of the Ukrainian National Union, the Directorate was formed: Volodymyr Vynnychenko (chairman), Symon Petliura, Fedir Shvets, Andriy Makarenko, and Panas Andrievsky. In response to the Hetman's announcement of a new state policy, the UNS announced an uprising against the Hetman's rule. On 14 November, the Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee began its work in Kyiv, with the task of uniting all democratic trade unions and preparing a city uprising. German troops, which were in a state of disarray after the November Revolution in Germany, were neutral in the conflict according to an agreement signed on 17 November between representatives of the Great German Soldiers' Council and the Directory. On 14 December, the hetman abdicated. On the same day, the troops of the Directory entered Kyiv. By mid-December, they had occupied the entire territory of Ukraine, except for the eastern Donbas and the cities of the Azov Sea.

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The Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine, also known as the Black Army or as Makhnovtsi, named after their leader Nestor Makhno, was an anarchist army formed largely of Ukrainian peasants and workers.

On 25 November 1920, the bolshevik Central Department of Emergency Commissions of Ukraine sent a telegram to all the governors demanding the arrest of the Makhnovists. On 26 November, an order was issued to the armies of the Southern Front from the commander of the armed forces of Ukraine and Crimea, Frunze, to consider Makhno and the Makhnovists "enemies of the Soviet Republic and the revolution"; the Red Army troops were tasked with disarming Makhno's units and clearing the Ukrainian SSR of "the remnants of bandit gangs". On 5 December, the armies of the Southern Front received a directive to eliminate the Makhnovists as soon as possible. On 6 December, an order was issued to the commanders of the armies of the Southern Front to recognise the "liquidation of Makhnovism and banditry as a task of national importance" by the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic.

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An armed conflict between Soviet Russia and the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) in 1917-1921 for control of Ukrainian lands, former southwestern provinces of the Russian Empire. An integral part of the Ukrainian Revolution. Formally, it was a war between supporters of an independent Ukraine with its capital in Kyiv (UPR) and the Bolshevik puppet state, the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (until 1919 known as the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets) with its capital in Kharkiv. It led to significant losses in Ukrainian society at the time. It ended with the defeat of the UPR, the Bolshevik occupation of Ukraine, and the incorporation of the Ukrainian SSR into the Soviet Union in 1922.

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The process of military, political, and cultural seizure of Ukrainian lands by the Soviet Union/Russian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1921-1991 after the overthrow of the monarchy in the Russian Empire, the loss of the UPR in the Soviet-Ukrainian war, and the annexation of western Ukrainian lands to the USSR under the 1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany. It is characterised by the creation of Bolshevik-Soviet puppet states on its territories - the RUNR, the USSR, the SSR. The process was accompanied by the Red Terror, famines, repressions, deportations, the executed revival, total Russification, etc.