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According to the law, all individuals are considered equal, however are they really equal if segregation (depicted here) still takes place?

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Definition: The unsuccessful rebuilding of the South after the Civil War (as well as the dealing of former Confederates and newly freed slaves)
Historical Relevance: After the Civil War, the North wanted to "punish" the South for their part in the war. The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were made but it was heavily delayed because of the Southerners defiance to the reformation. Technically according to the law, everything was okay but segregation and racism was still a big issue.

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This statue of John Marshall honors his establishment of judicial review.

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Definition: The first court case to use judicial review
Historical Relevance: William Marbury was denied his commission to get a job as a judge by James Madison (who was told to do that by Thomas Jefferson) so this case was taken to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court favored Marbury and claimed that Marbury was rightfully entitled to his commissions however, the court can't order Madison to deliver them. With this, Chief Justice John Marshall declared that Congress did not have power to pass laws to modify the Constitution, and from there, judicial review was established.

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Definition: Amendment of the Constitution that gave African Americans the right to vote
Historical Relevance: As a part of the reconstruction era, the 15th Amendment was made in 1870, however, there was still an issue with disenfranchisement, the denial of privileges like the right to vote. This includes poll taxes, literacy tests, and the Grandfather Clauses, basically limiting the rights of African American voters.

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Definition: Amendment of the Constitution that granted citizenship to former slaves
Historical Relevance: As a part of the reconstruction era, the 14th Amendment was made in 1868. Free African Americans being able to get citizenship shows that they are people, not property, however even after having citizenship, African Americans are still discriminated against because they were considered "racially inferior".

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Definition: Amendment of the Constitution banning/abolishing slavery
Historical Relevance: This was the first reconstruction amendment for the South, being made in 1865. This frustration eventually escalated when a racist organization named the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was created. This group comprised of former Confederate soldiers and they went on to terrorize African Americans, teachers of African American Schools, and White Republicans. The South in general was just a dangerous and unpleasant place for an African American to be. Even after slavery being abolished, African Americans weren't ever fully safe nor comfortable.

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Harriet Tubman, the woman in this painting, is one of the most well known abolitionists of US History

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Definition: People who wanted an immediate end to slavery
Historical Relevance: This word represents the Union or the North in the American Civil War. The South disagreed with abolitionist ideas because without slave labor, there will be less (efficient) production of cotton, which will then affect the Southerners prosperity and way of life.

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Definition: 16th president of the US and was also the president during the American Civil War
Historical Relevance: Abraham Lincoln attempted to appease both sides of the slavery debate, however the Civil War was inevitable, especially after the Confederates bombed Fort Sumter. Later on, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which was made by Northerners to punish the South and effectively free all enslaved people. He wanted to forgive the South however, he issued the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction for the South to rebuild themselves. Five days after the Civil War finally ended, Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer.

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Definition: James Monroe's statement/declaration that foreign powers are not allowed or available to colonize the North American continent
Historical Relevance: To avoid foreign powers from intervening and halting the progress of the growth of the US with their colonies, James Monroe made this statement. This eventually also became the most well known US policy towards the Western Hemisphere.

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Definition: government agency that provided jobs, education, shelter, and housing for war refugees in the South, especially newly freed slaves after the civil war
Historical Relevance: The Freedmen's Bureau was a part of the reconstruction era, the rebuilding of the South after the Civil War. Many African Americans in the South were newly freed but due to limited opportunities, many became unemployed and homeless. This is when the Freedmen's Bureau is used to provide these individuals jobs, shelter, education, etc. This unfortunately was unsuccessful because the South was in absolute chaos with opposition of the bureau and racial violence plaguing the land.

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Definition: the division between national and state government
Historical Relevance: There was a divide between colonists with them being divided into the Federalists (supporters of the Constitution) and the Anti-Federalists (opposers of the Constitution). Because of this divide and debate regarding the balance between national and state government while also providing the people with their basic freedoms, the Bill of Rights was added (appeasing the Anti-Federalists).

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Definition: First ten amendments to the Constitution that were added to protect the basic freedoms of the people
Historical Relevance: The Bill of Rights was used to ratify the Constitution because citizens of the US were unsatisfied with the federal/central government needing more power (to become stronger). To make sure that the citizens basic freedoms, rights, and needs were still met, the Bill of Rights was made.

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Definition: A written agreement ratified in 1781 prior to the current constitution and became the original law of the land
Historical Relevance: The Articles of Confederation may have granted what the people wanted, however, it heavily weakened the central government. This is why later on the Constitution was made.

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Definition: The division of Congress into two parts (House of Representatives and the Senate)
Historical Relevance: This division was due to an issue of properly balancing the representation of states and was inspired by the New Jersey Plan (equal representation of all states) and the Virginia Plan (number of representatives for a state is based on population). The Senate was inspired by the New Jersey Plan while the House of Representatives was inspired by the Virginia Plan. Now the citizens are sure to have representation within their government.

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Definition: author of the Declaration of Independence, 3rd president of the US
Historical Relevance: Thomas Jefferson, being the writer of the Declaration of Independence and later becoming the third president of the US has been an influential figure in US history in that he was a part of many advancements and movements for the country to eventually start up and become somewhat functional.

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Definition: author of the Constitution, "father of the Constitution", 4th US president
Historical Relevance: After there were issues of balance between the national and state governments (the central government being too weak to regulate/enforce laws and taxes) so the Constitution was made and written by James Madison.

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Definition: Enlightenment thinker who created the idea of "natural rights", saying that all people should have the right to "life, liberty, and property"
Historical Relevance: John Locke was a thinker during the Enlightenment era who created the idea of natural rights, in that all individuals have the right to life, liberty, and property and it eventually influenced the Declaration of Independence, however the word "property" was replaced with "the pursuit of happiness". Because of this, John Locke is known to have probably the most influence on the creation of the US government/documents with his Enlightenment ideas out of the rest of the Enlightenment thinkers that contributed ideas to the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.

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Definition: founder of Maryland who founded Maryland as a place of refuge for Catholics
Historical Relevance: When moving to the colonies, most were non-Catholics (mostly Protestants) escaping persecution in England so when Catholics arrived to the colonies they not only just escaped the English monarchy but needed a community, which is what Maryland provided for them.

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The White House is where the executive branch takes place. This is where the president is and the executive branch's duty is to enforce the laws.

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Definition: An idea made by Baron de Montesquieu stating that the federal government should be divided into three branches to "check and balance" each other
Historical Relevance: This idea was incorporated into the US Constitution to act as an aspect to prevent one branch of government from gaining too much power (can also be interpreted as tyranny). The US, because of this idea, has three branches of government: legislative (makes laws), executive (enforces laws), and judicial (courts, interprets laws). This is also a way to keep the government limited and not intervening too much with the state government.

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John Locke's ideas were included in the Declaration of Independence

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Definition: an idea made by John Locke stating that all individuals had the "natural right" to "life, liberty, and property"
Historical Relevance: John Locke's natural rights had influences in the Declaration of Independence, with Jefferson writing that all the people had the rights to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness". This is one of the prime examples of the ideas occurring during the Enlightenment era.

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The Statue of Liberty symbolizes the ideas of freedom and individual liberties from the Enlightenment (that transformed into the independence of the US).

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Definition: 17th and 18th century intellectual movement that promoted science, knowledge, and reason. Led colonists to question the British.
Historical Relevance: The Enlightenment changed the mindset of the people, especially the colonists, to value their own individual liberties and to question authority. This inspired the colonists to gain independence from England and ideas from this era were contained in American documentations such as the US Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, and the Bill of Rights.