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Types of Racism Portrayed in News Articles

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Media distribution of key messages concerning the global pandemic plays a significant role in influencing how people react to public health countermeasures.

Since the coronavirus was first detected in China, Asian Australians, particularly of Chinese heritage, experienced an increase in abuse and racist attacks, as well as a negative portrayal in the media perpetuated by racial profiling and racist undertones.

There is a gap in the literature to conduct further research regarding how racism affects a specific single minority group, in particular the Chinese Australians, brought by the news, as studies are generally aimed at the whole minority group.

Additionally, the current Australian media landscape is lacking diversity. An increase in the level of cultural competency, racial literacy and cultural diversity within media organisations are needed to give young Australians with diverse backgrounds a platform in the media.

Limitation: This research analyses only articles published online by the referred Australian news media. Other state-wide newspapers and intermittent time periods are excluded from the research to reduce sample size. Therefore, this may lead to an inaccurate and incomplete representation of answering the research question.

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Content analysis was utilised to address the research question.

Using the database Factiva, online news articles were collected from The Australian, The Sydney Morning Herald and ABC Online, during the period between March 1 and December 31, 2020.

News articles were captured by using the following Factiva's search criteria: “COVID-19” OR "corona virus" OR "chinese" OR "racism". After cleaning the data, news articles were codified and analysed.

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The COVID-19 pandemic is an ongoing global pandemic of the coronavirus disease, and amidst the pandemic in Australia, the Australian media plays an important role as a mediator between government officials and health organisations, and the public. Representation of a phenomenon in media can impact and shape particular public beliefs and attitudes, which can contribute to social change. Racist reporting is still rife in Australian media, and since the coronavirus was first detected in China, Asian Australians, particularly of Chinese heritage, experienced an increase in abuse and racist attacks, as well as a negative portrayal in the media perpetuated by racial profiling and racist undertones.

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Based on Tatum's (2017) racism conceptual frameworks, the relevant codes and their definitions were identified as shown in Table 1.

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Types of Racism Portrayed in News Articles (1)

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Table 1. Relevant codes, subcodes, and definitions.

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Table 1. Relevant codes, subcodes, and definitions.

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If a code/category is present in the article, it is coded as "1". If a code/category is not present in the article, it is code it as "0". Each article can have multiples of categories present. If the article has insufficient data, it is excluded from the analysis.

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A total of 61 articles were captured by using Factiva's search criteria described in the 'Methodology' section. After cleaning the data, a total of 19 news articles were relevant for the research. However, after further inspection, only 10 news articles that were codified and analysed due to others having insufficient data.

Different types of racism can appear in one article, therefore it is not mutually exclusive.

The most salient and common type of racism that appeared in news articles is Verbal Aggression, a form of Active Racism, with a percentage as high as 27.3% from 10 news articles that are analysed.

Following close behind are Physical Aggression and Bullying, with the same percentage of 22.7%. The rest are as follow: Jokes (13.6%), Prejudice (9.1%), and Rejection (4.5%).