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Muslim scholars perfected the compass and the astrolabe in order to make them more accurate and easier to use to  navigate places. The Chinese were the most likely inventors of the compass, a device that helps people find the direction they want to go. Compasses were introduced to Muslims through the silk road, since the famous trade route went through Muslim Land. Muslims took the design and made the first magnetic compass in persia, and it was documented by Al-awfi. The Muslim scholars also improved the astrolabe, a tool sailors used for figuring out the time of day based on the sun and stars location. Astrolabe originally came from the Greeks, and traders on the Silk Road introduced it to Islamic scholars in Iraq. The astrolabe was adapted by Islamic scholars and was used often in their lives. Without these navigational tools it would be more complicated for travelers to get around quickly and safely. These tools are still used today and have also inspired many inventions in years to come.

Sources Used:  "Compass." Wikipedia, 29 Mar. 2023, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass. Accessed 3 May 2023.

TCI. History Alive! The World Through 1750

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Alongside the great discoveries Muslims made  that affected our entire world was a tool used to help navigate their own territory, and a bit beyond, during the Golden Age. Muslim geographer Ibn Khordabeh, born in 820 CE in Baghdad, published The book of Roads and Kingdoms, also known as Kitāb al-Masālik wa-l-Mamālik in 870 CE. The book contains maps, made using the Iranian cosmological division system, that cover trade routes and important landmarks. The book also contains descriptions of each map that teach us of Islamic History, describing people and cultures in places such as, Abbasid Caliphate, Southern  Asiatic Coast Brahamputra, the Andaman Islands,  Malaysia, Java, China, Japan, Korea, and Islamic land. The multitude of places and topics the book reaches helps people navigate through much of the world, improving the journeys and evry day lives of people who lived in Eurasia in the 9th century.

Sources Used:  "Book of Roads and Kingdoms (Ibn Khordadbeh)." Wickepedia,
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Roads_and_Kingdoms_(Ibn_Khordadbeh). Accessed 15 May 2023.

"Ibn Khordadbeh." Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh. Accessed 15 May 2023.

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The discoveries Muslims have made as a whole are huge, but some of the most remarkable triumphs of Muslim culture were made by one man,  The Muslim geographer Al-Idrisi. Al-Idrisi  is a man many call a genius. He was a highly accomplished geographer that found the keys to unlock some of the most important information about our world. Al-Idrisi was born in Sabbath, Morocco in 1100 CE, where he spent his childhood along with Spain. He grew up with a curiosity to learn about the world which led to him eventually traveling to Cordoba  Marrakesh, Morocco, and Qusṭanṭinah, Algeria to study and learn about the world. With the knowledge he acquired on his journey he moved to Sicilia, Italy and became the advisor of King Roger II, which meant all of his work had a direct link to the Norman court at Palermo. Al-Idrisi went on to create three of the most remarkable things relating to geography. He created a silver planisphere that was covered with a map of the world. This map featured trade routes, cities and much more. Secondly he made a world map with 70 sections. The map was divided by seven lines of longitude and 10 lines of latitude. This was the first time climate zones were documented. Al-Idrisi’s last accomplish in the world of geography was text intended as key to the planisphere called Kitāb nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq and also as Kitā Rujār, or Al-Kitāb al-Rujārī (“The Book of Roger'') completed in 1145 just before Roger's death. Al-Idrisi sadly died in 1165 in Sicily, but his legacy will forever be remembered with each step we take as we advance our knowledge in geography and our world.

Sources Used: Geographic, National. 1001 Inventions and Awesome Facts from Muslim Civilization. Washington D. C., National Geographic, 2012.

Jwaideh, Wadie. "Muḥammad Al-Idrīsī." Britannica Student, Britannica, school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad-al-Idr%C4%ABs%C4%AB/42038. Accessed 28 Apr. 2023.

"Maps and Globes." Britannica Student, school-eb-com.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/levels/middle/article/maps-and-globes/275680. Accessed 27 Apr. 2023.

"Mohammed Al-Idrisi." World Geography: Understanding a Changing World, worldgeography-abc--clio-com.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/Search/Display/2273411

Pastuch, Carissa. "Gepgrpahy and Maps at the Library of Congress." Library of Congress Blogs, blogs.loc.gov/maps/2022/01/al-idrisis-masterpiece-of-medieval-geography/. Accessed 1 May 2023.

Schlager, Neil, editor. "Al-Idrisi and Representations of the Medieval Muslim World." Gale in Context: World History, 2001, go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Reference&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=MultiTab&retrievalId=dba23bde-9915-426f-946f-8d61c724ab42&hitCount=21&searchType=BasicSearchForm¤tPosition=1&docId=GALE%7CCV2643450106&docType=Topic+overview&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZXAG-MOD1&prodId=WHIC&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7CCV2643450106&searchId=R1&userGroupName=nysl_me_mbfs&inPS=true. Accessed 28 Apr. 2023

Shahid, Irfan. "Al-Idrisi, a Great Geographer." Amust, 22 Feb. 2018, www.amust.com.au/2018/02/al-idrisi-a-great-geographer/. Accessed 1 May 2023.

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The first Islamic Astrolabe was made in Iraq.

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The Astrolabe was originally made in Greece, and brought Islamic land via the Silk Road.

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Al-Idirsi was born in Sabbath, Morocco in 1100. During his childhood he was raised in both North Africa and Spain, and he aquired both religions. Al-Idrisi eventually went on to study in Cordoba, Marrakesh, Morroco, Algeria and then moved to Sicily, Italy.

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The earliest known magnetic compass was documented by Al-awfi in Persia. It was apdapted by the Muslims from the Chineese.

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Compasses came from China and were brought to Persia through the Silk Road.

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Al-Idrisi became the advisor of Roger II of Sicily. He created a world atlas, (shown above), called Kitāb nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq.

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INTRO
As we discover new things each day, our world seems to be endless, which makes it seem impossible that one group of people can discover so much. Muslim scholars brought tremendous innovation to the areas of geography and navigation that are still used today. In addition they also advanced certain scientific studies to bring more accuracy to measurement, maps, and navigational instruments. Perhaps some of the most breathtaking work was done by a famous Islamic geographer, Al-Idrisi. He helped with the creation of various maps and tools such as the Kitāb nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq (World Atlas) to innovate travel. Muslims created books to help tourists navigate their territory, and later on, adapted the compass and astrolabe. While these instruments were used hundreds of years ago, the innovations are still broadly used today. Islamic works have inspired and influenced many discoveries all over the world.