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Doubled tariff rates from before the Civil War to increase revenue during this time of war + support American manufacturers in the North.

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-> Lincoln had asked him to lead the Union given his Southern influence, but he rejects and leads the Confederacy throughout the Civil War
-> He is the true driving force of the C.S.A., they fight FOR HIM and not Pres. Jefferson Davis

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Confiscation Act of 1861 - Union troops have the right to seize enemy property used to wage war against the United States, including slaves, considered "contrabands of war".

Confiscation Act of 1862 - Freed Confederate slaves and stated that freed Confederate slaves may fight as Union soldiers.

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-> The process of economic, societal, and geographical rebuilding with the South following the Civil War
-> Generally recognized as the period from 1865-1877 and broken into 3 phases

1. Wartime Reconstruction
2. Presidential Reconstruction
3. Congressional Reconstruction

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Pres. Abraham Lincoln (1861 - 1865)
-> Republican Party
-> Anti-slavery, pretty much

The South has seceded due to Lincoln's election and other anti-slavery legislature, the general opinion is that the South needs to be suppressed and their land returned to the Union.

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Union-controlled slave states on the Union/Confed. border: Delaware, Maryland, Michigan, and Kentucky

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Northern Democrats who remained loyal to the Union, BUT believed that Lincoln and the war were net negatives for America.

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Northerners who opposed the war and supported peaceful separation or reconciliation w/ the South.

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The Confederate States of America post-secession.

Pres. Jefferson Davis (1861-1865)
-> Lacked Lincoln's authority
V.P. Alexander H. Stephens (1861-1865)
-> Found Davis tyrannical but remained V.P. throughout the war

Fighting the Civil War in order to preserve their slave labor-based economy. Hopes that the C.S.A. can become independent from the Union and receive foreign recognition.

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7 Deep South States Secded Following Lincoln's Election:
1. South Carolina
2. Mississippi
3. Florida
4. Alabama
5. Georgia
6. Louisiana
7. Texas

4 Joined the C.S.A. After Fort Sumter (1st Confed. Victory):
1. Virginia -> Richmond, VA is the C.S.A. Capital
2. Arkansas
3. Tennessee
4. North Carolina

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1st ENGAGEMENT of the Civil War where a Union fort in S.C. was targeted by the Confederacy; Confedrate victory in only 2 days.

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The growing scale of the war required a greater military than the Union had access to; forced drafting (conscription) was implemented. Only 2 ways out--paying $300 or having someone sub in for you.

Draft riots began amongst poor laborers against blacks and wealthy whites in rebellion of forced service in the war.

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-> a.k.a. First Manassas
-> Takes place Bull Run Creek by Manassas Junction, VA

-> 30,000 inexperienced Union troops V. experienced Confed. troops
-> Confed. reinforcements led by Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson counterattacks; Confed. victory

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-> A Union blockade blocks a British trade ship coming from the South and discovers that 2 C.S.A. diplomats are on board headed for secret negotiation with the British John Slidell and James Mason
-> Lincoln puts the diplomats in jail as POWs (Prisoners of War)
-> He later publicly admits it was a mistake to appease Britain, who threatened involvement in the war if they are not freed
-> Lincoln gives in, but the Confederates still do not recieve full British support

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A Supreme Court case that rules that civilians can be tried by military tribunals (courts) if and only if regular civilian courts are unavailable.

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Promoted settlement of the Great Plains area by offering parcels of public land free to whatever person or family would promise to farm and cultivate that land for at least 5 years.

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Lincoln's lenient plan for Reconstruction, a.k.a. the ten-percent plan.
Called for:
-> Promised full presidential pardons to most Southerners who took an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and U.S. Constitution and accepted the Emancipation of slaves (only needed 10% voter approval)
-> Pardons all Confederates who swore to the U.S. unless you had harmed prisoners of wars/POWs

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Robert E. Lee defeats General John Pope and sends Union troops back towards Washington, D.C.

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-> September, 1862
-> The bloodiest day in the war; 22k dead
-> Lee hoped this 3rd victory would grant him British recognition and support
-> A Confed. officer drops battle plan, helping Union General George McClellan's forces
-> McClellan is fired for not pursuing Lee, Lincoln tells claims he has "bad case of the slows"
-> Officially a draw but a decisive "victory" for the Union since it prevented further recognition of the C.S.A.
-> Lincoln calls it a victory and then passes the Emancipation Proclamation

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Encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges.

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-> December, 1862
-> The more-aggressive Ambrose Burnside replaces George McClellan
-> Confederate win; 12k Union losses to 5k C.S.A.
-> New weapons end "romantic"/“heroic” perception of war

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-> March, 1862
-> First battle post the invention of iron-sided/ironclad ships between the Union and the Confeds in Virginia
-> C.S.A.'s re-built Union ship, the Merrimac, called the "C.S.S. Virginia" V. the Union's "Monitor"
-> The "Monitor" is built in retaliation, because the Union’s wooden ships could not hold up against the C.S.S. Virginia
-> The South is unable to stop the Union's naval blockade
-> The C.S.A. does not have the resources to create more ships
-> 5 hour battle ends in a draw

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-> Union General of the West who captured forts along the Mississippi helping to cut the Confederacy in 2 (Anaconda Plan)
-> Made the commander of all Eastern forces in 1864
-> Hoped to outlast Lee in a war of attrition
-> Started his campaign from Illinois in 1862 when he took over Fort McHenry and Fort Donelson
-> Won the battle of Shiloh in Tennessee on his way along the Mississippi River

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Union navy captain who led the capture of New Orleans.

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-> McClellan's initial invasion of VA aimed at taking Richmond (C.S.A. capital)
-> A miserable failure that resulted in McClellan getting fired the first time

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Authorized the building of the Transcontinental Railroad over a northern route in order to link the economies of California and the western territories with the eastern states.

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A Radical Reconstruction plan forwarded by Republicans in Congress that was pocket-vetoed by Lincoln. Called for:
-> 50% of state voters must swear that they never supported the C.S.A.
-> Only non-Confeds may vote for a new state Constitution

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Winfield Scott's Strat. - The Anaconda Plan 

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Winfield Scott's Strat. - The Anaconda Plan 

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-> Winfield Scott, or, "Old Fuss and Feathers" was a Union strategist and chief General with a 3 part plan for Union victory

- The Anaconda Plan -
1. Cut off Confed. supplies via a navy blockade of their important ports
2. Take Mississippi River to split C.S.A. in 2
3. Raise and train 500,000 and march towards the C.S.A. capital of Richmond, VA -> TAKE THE CAPITAL TO BREAK THE C.S.A.

The plan did not take off until Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman moved East.

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A Confederate strategy for the C.S.A. to gain backing and recognition from France and Spain by withholding cotton exports from them. They hoped the status of “King Cotton” would influence their foreign policy and aid their fight against the Union.

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Creates a uniform, Federal currency, the Greenback, while eliminating many state bank notes; the first unified banking network since the veto of the national bank.

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Stated that slavery is abolished in the U.S.. Ratified December, 1865.

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Part of the (Union) Sanitation Committee which sent out nurses to assist in military hospitals. Would become a founder of the Red Cross in order to help soldiers on either side.

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-> Maximillion was a dictator of Mexico w/ the support of France who took the throne w/ French military support
-> His crowning threatened the Monroe Doctrine (the U.S.' self-sufficiency)
-> The Union sends military force into Northern Texas as a warning to France and Mexico

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A Confederate prison for Union prisoners of war. Andersonville is the worst and most notorious of the prison camps, said to have been overcrowded, lacking in basic necessities, and unfit to live in, among other things.

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Abraham Lincoln defeats the Peace Democrat and former Union general George McClellan.

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-> Lincoln is shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14th, 1865, an actor and Confederate/Southern sympathizer who was a part of a larger plot to assassinate Grant
-> He was shot at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C. during the play "Our American Cousin"
-> He dies the next day across the street
-> Booth is found in a barn in Virginia and shot on site, the barn is then burned

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-> Union General William T. Sherman's "total war" military ploy where he destroys/burns everything of economic value on his way towards Georgia
-> Permits pillaging but not murder/rape

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The Conclusion to the "Battle of Gettysburg"; the final battle of the Civil War where, under Lee's direction, Thomas Pickett leads a charge that would result in Union victory.

The Union wins the Civil War.

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Democrat senator from Tennessee who becomes Lincoln’s 2nd V.P. and successor. The only Southern senator to stay loyal to the Union who was picked as Lincoln’s running mate in order to encourage pro-Union Democrats to vote for the Union (Republican) party. Johnson HATED the Southern aristocracy; he championed poor white’s cause.

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-> Andrew Johnson's plan for Reconstruction following being sworn into office after Lincoln's death

Basically Lincoln's Plan but with 2 additional clauses:
-> Disenfranchisement (loss of voting rights) to all former Confederate leaders and officeholders ($20k and up value in taxed property)
-> All Southern states must ratify the 13th Amendment

-> Grants more pardons to former C.S.A. members

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-> Radical Republican leader in the House of Reps who rejected Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction and refused to seat any of the new Congress

-> Believed that Congress was in charge of Reconstruction

-> Wanted to revolutionize southern society via extender period of military rule in which blacks would exercise their civil rights, would be educated in schools operated by the federal government, and would receive lands confiscated from the planter elite

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-> A welfare program that helped ex-slaves receive employment, education, and basic resources such as clothing and food (believed to be the first, U.S. federal welfare program)
-> An extension of the bureau was vetoed by Johnson in 1866; but overridden by Congress

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Later known as Jim Crow Laws, the Black Codes were Southern laws meant to restrict freed slaves' access to Southern life and services including:
-> No voting or any real legislative rights; no court presence
-> Could not sit on a jury, carry a weapon, work in certain occupations, travel w/ a permit like white counterparts

-> Southerners argued Black Codes were necessary to maintain order
-> Disgusted Radical Republicans in Congress, widening the rift between Pres. Johnson and Congress--resulted in refusal to seat Alexander Stephens and other ex-Confeds

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-> Passed in retaliation of Black Codes
-> Granted freed men all the rights and benefits of U.S. citizens and federal troops in the South that would enforce these rights (13th Amendment)
-> Initially vetoed by Johnson, but overridden by Congress

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Replaces the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and states:
-> Citizenship, due process, and equal protection under the law to ALL people of the U.S. (including now-freed slaves)
-> Initially rejected by the South solely due to Johnson's hesitance
-> Redefined who U.S. citizens were (Dred Scott Case)

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-> a.k.a. Radical Reconstruction/Military Reconstruction
-> All Southern states except Tenn. (who had accepted the 14th Amendment) were divided into 5 military districts, each controlled by a general or Union army
-> 14th Amendment must be ratified the rejoin the Union
-> States must draft a new state constitution which ratified the 14th Amendment
-> Vetoed by Johnson, overridden by Congress

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-> No American could be denied the right to vote because of “race, color, or previous conditions of servitude”
-> Effectively grants voting rights to (male) African Americans.

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Republican candidate Ulysses S. Grant wins the election as a Union war hero although much of the Southern vote is lost. Grants beats out NY Democrat Horatio Seymour by 300k popular votes; the votes of 500k black voters gave Grant the win.

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Called for full equality in public accommodations for all races and prohibited the exclusion of black people from juries. Poorly enforced. Was declared unconstitutional in 1883; Congress would hold off on another Civil Rights Act until the 1960s.

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Northerners who went to the South to profit from available land and Reconstruction. Some were teachers.

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Southern Republicans who were for/supported Reconstruction/Reconciliation with the North.

-> Influenced by Uncle Tom's Cabin
-> Usually former Whigs who were interested in economic development for their state and peace between the sections

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First African American Members of Congress

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First African American Members of Congress

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Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce, the first African American members of Congress elected by the South. Revels from Mississippi was elected while Radical Reconstruction was still going on in the South.

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-> Southern system where freed slaves would work part of the land of a former plantation
-> The owner would provide the tools and seeds and the sharecroppers would do the work and give between 1/2-2/3rds of what was grown back to the owner
-> Many become indebted to landowners or to local merchants
-> New form of servitude, technically legal(?)

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Refers to the white southerners taking back control of their governments in the South after Congressional Reconstruction (3rd phase) ended for good.

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-> Founded in 1867 by ex-Confederate general Nathaniel Bedford Forrest
-> Radical Southern group opposed to equal rights
-> Claimed to be ghosts of past Confederates
-> The "invisible empire" burned black-owned buildings and flogged and murdered freedman to keep them from excercising their voting rights

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Gave President Grant the power to declare martial law in any Southern state with Klan activity & to protect the civil rights of citizens in the South. Meant to curtail KKK violence.

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Allowed Confederate officials back into the governments of the South and allowed them to vote in elections.

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Poll taxes, Literacy Tests, and Grandfather Clauses

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Poll taxes, Literacy Tests, and Grandfather Clauses

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Methods by which Southern governments kept African Americans from voting.

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-> Republican Rutherford B. Hayes (Ohio) V. Democrat Samuel J. Tilden (NY)

-> Tilden wins clear majority and needs 1 electoral vote from the contested states of S.C., FL, and Louisiana (ONLY states w/ Union military presence still)

-> Special commission gives ALL votes to Hayes
-> Democrats threaten to filibuster the results and send the election to the House, which they control
-> Goes to Compromise of 1877

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Rutherford B. Hayes becomes President on 2 conditions:
1. Immediate end to federal support for the Republicans in the South. (Military leaves from remaining states.)

2. Support the building of a transcontinental railroad in the South.

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The land between the Mississippi River and the West Coast prior to 1860. Largely settled by 1900.

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$400 million in gold found and mined in Nevada that attracts setters in the West.

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Refers to long drives in the late 1800’s from Texas to Kansas; RR to Chicago & then to the East Coast meat industry.

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Sharp and very pointy. Used by “sod busters” to force in and claim settlement of the Great Plains since wood was scarce.

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U.S. historian that had a “Frontier Hypothesis” that said the Western American Frontier was/would be able to break down social and class districts.

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Indian chief who led several battles against the U.S., winning many battles for the Sioux.

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Indian warrior who attacked the U.S. military throughout the Great Plains area.

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American Colonel General responsible for many “Indian Wars” during the late 1800s. Eventually killed at the Battle of Little BigHorn by Crazy Horse.

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Indian leader who led an attack north into Canada before being defeated in 1877.

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Massacre of unarmed Sioux during a military search.

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-> April 9th, 1865
-> Confederate General Robert E. Lee officially surrenders to Union general Ulysses S. Grant, symbolically ending the Civil War
-> Lee gives the order, "take your weapons and horses and go home"
-> Lincoln is surprisingly lenient with them; he fears Southern vengeance/retaliation

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A book written by Helen Hunt Jackson; discussed U.S.-Indian relations in 1881 and described the injustices of the federal government towards the Native Americans. Became a best-selling book.

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Native American religious ceremony demonized(?) and suppressed by the U.S. government.

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Unsuccessful act that broke up tribes and gave up to 160 acres and citizenship to any Indian who would swear to live on the land for 25 years.

-> Indians had to give up their tribal lands to be involved in this process
-> Policy failed because many Indians had little interest in farming & the best land was sold to speculators of the railroad and mining companies
-> Plot of land for the family and all following generations
-> At the beginning of the 20th century, virtually all Indians were living on reservations
-> Example of clear abuse of Americans towards Indians

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Former Indian land made open for settlement in 1889.

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A vision of a Southern economy based on industries rather than agriculture. (Over-reliance in cash crops like cotton have threatened to ruin their economy in the past.)

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Passed during the New Deal by Franklin D. Roosevelt that put American Indian reservations back together.