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There are 5 categories of factors that influencing the efficacy of NF:

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There are 5 categories of factors that influencing the efficacy of NF:

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- Methodological
- Technical
- Demographic
- Quality of the Signal
- Acquisition

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1. Number of Sessions

As expected, the number of sessions was found to be significant.

For instance, using several univariate regressions without correction for multiple testing (Arns et al., 2009), stated that performing less than 20 NFB sessions leads to smaller effects.

Similarly, Vernon et al. (2004) observed that positive EEG and behavioral performance changes occurred after a minimum of 20 sessions.

However, Enriquez-Geppert et al. (2017) insisted that the number of sessions should be carefully chosen in order to avoid “overtraining.”

2. Quality of EEG Equipment

Recording EEG in good conditions can lead to better output or results.

This is because better signal quality enables a more accurate extraction of EEG patterns linked to ADHD.

Hence leads to better learning and therapeutic efficacy (Congedo et al., 2004).

3. Intensive Training

It appears that the longer the course of treatment, the less efficient it becomes.

Arguably, the treatment length is a proxy for treatment intensity, suggesting that a shorter period of treatment is more likely to succeed because the frequency of the sessions is higher.

4. Personalized Training

Pimenta et al, 2021 indicated that the long-term effects of personalized NF interventions were superior to non-personalized NF and comparable to those of medication alone or in combination with behavioral intervention.

The analysis of open-label trials further indicates that the interaction of NF with parental interventions, sleep, and nutritional advice might yield superior clinical effectiveness.

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1. Location

Minder et al., (2018) suggest that the subject location of the NFT training may also be an important contributory factor to clinical effectiveness.

However, this has been challenged by a recent study showing that performing NFT at school or at the clinic has no significant impact on treatment response.

2. Reported Person

Teachers show a report of lower improvement compared to parents where the teacher’s report may be correct.

The data presented also suggest that the probably blind assessment of teachers may not be considered a good proxy for blind assessments.

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Topic 9: Factors Affecting Neurofeedback Efficacy

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Topic 9: Factors Affecting Neurofeedback Efficacy

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Efficacy: the ability especially of a medicine or method of achieving something to produce the intended results.

Effectiveness: refers to the applicability or clinical utility.

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Step1: Trainer > Log in
-Write  the input/details of the trainer Name, DOB, Gender, Race and mobile number and Save to File

Step 2:Choose one channel (A or B)
-Insert Write the input/details of the Client:

-Name, DOB, Gender, Race and mobile number and   Training Objectives – maximum for 2

-Fill the parent’s details if possible:

-Name, Race and mobile number Occupation and relationship

-Save to File

Step 3:
-Appear of line graph for brainwaves.

-Select protocol and choose the required brainwaves – Alpha, Beta, Delta and Theta

-Without selection of any protocol of brainwaves, the result and out will show all type of waves

Step 4:Selection of suitable game
-Toys, Flash Games, Bubble Popper, Snaka Zoid Game, Bugz Game and Toridon

-Games are not fixed and other training games can be downloaded

Step 5:Training Mode
-The games can be played as single or dual player

-Option for training mode are

-Require monitor/desktop for:

1.Trainer

2.Client 1

3.Client 2

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Brain Trainer-Spectrum Learning in FSCHD

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Brain Trainer-Spectrum Learning in FSCHD

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Require 2 or 3 desktop:

- 1 for trainer to control the system
- 1 or 2 for user NF training

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On the scalp, sensors are positioned to pick up brain waves in particular places. Signals are merely measured; no signals are sent into the brain, making this safe and non-invasive.

The detected brainwaves are amplified and used as computer game controls. The computer game, which is activated when the student exhibits the desired brainwave patterns predetermined by the particular training procedure, is controlled by the student's brainwaves.

The trainee gradually learns to control their own brain activity over the course of enough training sessions, which improves their mental abilities.

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1.Trainer
2.Clients
3.Exercise
4.Joystick
5.Device

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Topographic plots of brain activity based on QEEG data.

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EEG frequencies at each of the 19 locations measured

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Discussion about selection of bipolar montage

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Discussion about selection of bipolar montage

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- Bipolar montage optimizes common mode rejection and cancels out bursts of common EMG activity
- Training with real-time EEG and fewer EMG artifacts
- Active sensors placed at CPz and CFz (midway between Cz and Pz, Cz and Fz respectively)
- Montage chosen based on greatest difference between theta and beta
- Monitor should be in progress with bipolar montage

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- Two separate active electrodes placed on the skull
- Difference between recorded signals from the two electrodes forms the basis of neurofeedback
- Advantages of bipolar recording:
- Common mode rejection occurs, reducing external artifacts
- Spatial selectivity is improved
- Reduction of eye roll and blink artifacts

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- Active electrode placed on the skull
- Recorded signal compared to the reference electrode
- Activity of active electrode minus activity of reference electrode represents brain activity at the active electrode

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minimum 2 electrodes and 1 reference electrode (usual practice)

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1 active electrode and 1 reference electrode

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Neurofeedback Session – Unipolar & Bipolar Montage

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Neurofeedback Session – Unipolar & Bipolar Montage

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Topic 7: Neurofeedback sessions(Bipolar) 

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Topic 7: Neurofeedback sessions(Bipolar) 

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High temporal resolution, capturing rapid changes in brain activity.

Non-invasive and comfortable for subjects.

Cost-effective compared to other neuroimaging techniques.

Portable and flexible for various environments.

Wide range of applications in clinical and research settings.

Direct measure of neural activity.

Real-time monitoring for immediate feedback and adjustments.

In summary, EEG offers the advantages of high temporal resolution, non-invasiveness, cost-effectiveness, portability, diverse applications, direct measurement of neural activity, and real-time monitoring.

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-  Each division is further divided into regions: Fp (Frontopolar), F (Frontal), C (Central), P (Parietal), and O (Occipital).

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-  Electrodes placed along the midline of the scalp are labeled with "z" (e.g., Fz, Cz, Pz, Oz).

-  "z" indicates that the electrode is placed exactly at the midline.

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- The scalp is divided into four major divisions: Frontal, Central, Parietal, and Occipital.

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-  Letters: Positions on the left hemisphere are labelled with odd numbers (e.g., F3, C3, P3), while positions on the right hemisphere are labelled with even numbers (e.g., F4, C4, P4).

-  Numbers: The numbers represent specific anatomical landmarks and indicate the approximate distance from those landmarks.

-   Odd numbers: Positions are located halfway between adjacent landmarks (e.g., F3 is halfway between Fz and F7).

-  Even numbers: Positions are located two-thirds of the distance between adjacent landmarks (e.g., F4 is two-thirds between Fz and F8).

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The International 10-20 system is a method used to standardize the placement of electrodes on the scalp for electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. It provides a framework for dividing the scalp into specific regions based on the distances between anatomical landmarks.

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The international 10-20 system is a standardized method used to place electrodes on the scalp for electroencephalography (EEG) recordings

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There are several other neuroimaging techniques used to study the structure and function of the brain. Here are some notable ones:

1. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of brain structure.

2. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): Measures blood flow and oxygen levels to detect brain activity and study brain function.

3. Positron Emission Tomography (PET): Involves injecting a radioactive tracer to measure brain metabolism and study various brain disorders.

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This system is widely used in neuroscience and clinical research to ensure consistency and comparability across EEG studies.

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EEG (Electroencephalography) is used for:

1. Diagnosing and monitoring epilepsy.

2. Sleep research and studying sleep disorders.

3. Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) for controlling devices with brain activity.

4. Investigating cognitive processes and brain-behavior relationships.

5. Neurofeedback therapy for self-regulation of brain activity.

6. Research on brain function and neural networks.

In summary, EEG is used for diagnosing conditions, studying brain function, monitoring sleep and anesthesia, and advancing our understanding of the brain and neurological disorders.

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-Reading
-Writing
-Comprehension
-Arithmetic
-Problem solving
-Eyes open and closed

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-By examining the varied brain frequencies at the various areas of the brain, analysis of the observed brain waves enables us to comprehend unique brain conditions.
-This sheds light on how the brain works and reveals any irregularities that might be present. The therapists at Spectrum Learning create a suitable training program that is focused and efficient for brain training utilizing this information.

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The brain serves as the control center for human cognition, language acquisition, behavior, and emotions. Therefore, issues relating to the brain ought to include a true brain-centric element.

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-Better focus & attention span
-Reduced anxiety & stress
-Enhanced learning ability
-Better sleep quality
-Better memory

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-Monopolar (also termed common reference or unipolar) electrode placement re- fers to the condition in which one recording electrode (the reference electrode) is removed to a point where less, or none, of the activity of interest is reflected in the recording (e.g., one EEG electrode on the scalp)

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Neurons interact by transferring chemicals called neurotransmitters through a small area throughout the axons and dendrites of the closest neurons called a synapse.

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download if cant to open this video

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1. Benefits: This section highlights the potential benefits of neurofeedback sessions (monopolar) such as improved focus, reduced anxiety, enhanced cognitive performance, etc.

2. Monopolar Neurofeedback: This section provides an overview of the monopolar neurofeedback technique, which involves the use of electrodes and specific placement for training sessions.

3. Procedure: This section describes the key elements of the neurofeedback procedure, including electrode placement and setup.

4. Training Sessions: This subsection focuses on the actual training sessions where the individual receives feedback based on their brain activity.

5. Monitoring: This subsection emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring during the neurofeedback sessions to track the individual's brainwave patterns.

6. EEG Data Analysis: This subsection highlights the analysis of EEG (electroencephalogram) data collected during the sessions to gain insights into brainwave patterns and make informed adjustments to the training.

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Summary of Neurofeedback treatment studies on epilepsy that the result was the remission

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Summary of Neurofeedback treatment studies on epilepsy that the result was the remission

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Brain lobes with their functions and areas

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Brain lobes with their functions and areas

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-(10-20) "standardizing areas of the skull"
-The letter F,P,T,O and C - related to frontal,parietal,temporal,occipital & central areas, respectively
-Odd number ( left brain) , Even number (right brain)
-Letter Z use as Pz suggest that the scalp location falls along the central line running between the nasion & inion.
-FP1 (left poles) All odd number , FP2 (right poles) All even number
-A1 and A2 are the left right regions of vestibular (ear)
-Z- midline (small number close to midline while big number away from midline)

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-Recognized by the amplitudes & frequencies.
-Measured by the number of waves, per second (H2)
-Amplitude measured by mirovolt
-Delta (1-4 H2) eg: sleep,unawareness
-Theta  (4-8 H2) eg:creativity, insight
-Alpha (8-13 H2) eg: Alertness,REadiness
-Beta (13-30 H2) eg: thinking, focussing
-Gama (30-100 H2) eg: learning,brain activity

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1)NFT method- assist subject to control their brain waves consciously.
2)NFT treatment focus on the alpha,beta, theta,gamma treatment

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Neurofeedback is a treatment procedure that uses a computing device, specialized software, and sensors to collect biological data and an electroencephalogram (EEG) to collect information about brain waves. This data comprises the measurement of brain waves in specific locations as well as whether or not brain waves are coordinated harmoniously.

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Monopolar: An EEG measurement from the scalp to a neutral spot, such as the ear. Neurofeedback: The type of biofeedback training that uses EEG, or the brain wave, as the signal to control feedback. Sensors are placed on the scalp to record brainwaves. These are then converted into feedback signals via computer software

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Biofeedback is a self-regulation approach in which patients learn to manage previously considered to be uncontrollable bodily functions. This technique necessitates the use of specialist equipment to transform physiological information into relevant visual and aural cues, as well as the supervision of a skilled biofeedback practitioner.

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- Monopolar refers to a configuration or setup where a single electrode is used in combination with a reference electrode. It is a term commonly used in various fields, including medical procedures, electrical engineering, and neurofeedback. In the context of neurofeedback, monopolar typically refers to a specific electrode placement technique where one electrode is positioned at a specific location on the scalp to measure the electrical activity of the brain, while a reference electrode is placed elsewhere. The monopolar configuration allows for the recording and analysis of brainwave signals to provide feedback for neurofeedback training.

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Here are the main types of brain waves and their associated characteristics:

1. Beta Waves: High-frequency brain waves (13-30 Hz) associated with wakefulness, alertness, and active thinking.

2. Alpha Waves: Slightly lower frequency waves (8-12 Hz) observed during relaxed states with closed eyes, associated with calmness and relaxation.

3. Theta Waves: Waves with a frequency of 4-7 Hz observed during deep relaxation, daydreaming, light sleep, and associated with creativity and meditation.

4. Delta Waves: Slowest brain waves (0.5-4 Hz) observed during deep sleep or meditative states, linked to restorative sleep and unconscious processes.

5. Gamma Waves: Highest frequency brain waves (>30 Hz) associated with higher cognitive processes, attention, and information processing.

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Spectrum Brain Trainer v10c, The Brain Trainer; Spectrum Learning Brain Trainer Device – Spectrum Learning is Asia's First Neurofeedback Center.

Spectrum Learning is among the pioneers in neurofeedback and QEEG fields in the world. Established in 1995, Spectrum Learning neurofeedback and QEEG evolve over the years.

With 25 years of expertise, Spectrum Learning has grown to develop neurofeedback protocols and has a significant presence in Southeast Asia. The company's founder, Dr. Kang, has a Ph.D. in educational psychology and is a licenced neurofeedback therapist and natural health practitioner.

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Topic 8: Neurofeedback sessions(Monopolar) 

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Topic 8: Neurofeedback sessions(Monopolar) 

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Topic 4: Introduction to brain trainer device

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Topic 4: Introduction to brain trainer device

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The human brain is made up of around 86 billion neurons that "talk" to one another via a mix of electrical and chemical messages.
Synapses are the points at which neurons connect and interact with one another. Each neuron contains a few to hundreds of thousands of synaptic connections, which might be with itself, neighbouring neurons, or neurons in distant parts of the brain. A synapse is made up of two terminals: presynaptic and postsynaptic.

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How EEG measures electrical activity of brain

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How EEG measures electrical activity of brain

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Electroencephalography (EEG) is the non-invasive measuring of the electrical charges in the brain. Electrodes attached to the scalp measure voltage potentials caused by current flow in and around neurons. EEG has been around for almost a century, which has given it a wide range of uses.

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The structure beneath the skull regulates all human bodily processes. The cranium (the bones that constitute the skull) protects the brain, which is made up of numerous billions of nerve cells. It consists of three key components: the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem.

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Topic 3: Neuronal and Synaptic Functions

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Topic 3: Neuronal and Synaptic Functions

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1. Electrical Activity: The brain generates electrical signals through neurons' communication.

2. Electrode Placement: Electrodes are placed on the scalp to detect these electrical signals.

3. Signal Detection: Electrodes pick up the weak electrical currents from the brain.

4. Signal Amplification: Amplifiers increase the amplitude of the signals for better detection.

5. Signal Processing: Digital filters remove unwanted frequencies and noise from the signals.

6. Digital Conversion: The signals are converted from analog to digital format for analysis.

7. Data Storage and Analysis: The digitized signals are stored and analyzed using specialized software.

8. Visualization and Interpretation: EEG signals are visualized as waveforms or spectrograms, aiding in interpreting brain activity and identifying patterns or abnormalities.

This concise explanation provides a brief overview of how EEG works to detect and analyze the electrical activity of the brain.

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EEG (electroencephalography) is a technique that measures and records the electrical activity of the brain. It involves placing electrodes on the scalp to detect the brain's electrical signals. These signals are displayed as waveforms called electroencephalograms. EEG is used to diagnose and monitor neurological conditions like epilepsy, sleep disorders, and brain injuries. It is also used in research to study brain function and cognition. EEG provides valuable insights into the brain's electrical activity and functioning.