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VERA RUBIN
She was born on July 23, 1928, in Philadelphia, USA and died on December 25, 2016, in Princeton, USA.

Vera became interested in the mysteries of the universe as a child. A few years later she was responsible for confirming the existence of Dark Matter, she was also inspired by great women in astronomy, she was the first woman to use observation telescopes. In 1960, Rubin began to deepen his studies on galaxies accompanied by his research colleague Kent Ford. Rubin, known as the mother of Dark Matter, defended gender equality in a scientific career, inspiring many women to this day.

She was awarded several prizes: Bruce Medal; Dickson Prize in Science; Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society; National Medal of Science.

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Steve Shirley - Technology Pioneer and Philantropist

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Dame VERA STEPHANIE “STEVE” SHIRLEY  - Justeriny Ferreira

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Dame VERA STEPHANIE “STEVE” SHIRLEY  - Justeriny Ferreira

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Dame VERA STEPHANIE “STEVE” SHIRLEY
She is an information technology pioneer, businesswoman and philanthropist.

Shirley was born on 16 September 1933 , as Vera Buchthal to Arnold Buchthal, a judge in Dortmund who was Jewish and who lost his post to the Nazi regime, and a non-Jewish Viennese mother. She was born in Germany (naturalised British in 1951).

She was placed in the care of foster parents living in the Midlands town of Sutton Coldfield. She was later re-united with her biological parents, but said she "never really bonded with them".

Shirley attributes her early childhood trauma as being the driving force behind her ability to keep up with changes in her life and career.

She attended the Oswestry Girls' High School. Mathematics was not taught at the school, so she received permission after assessment to take those lessons at the local boys school. She would later recall that, after her Kindertransport and wartime experiences, "in Oswestry I had five wonderful years of peace".

After marriage to thePhysicist, Derek Shirley, in 1959 (d. 2021), Shirley founded, with a capital of £6, the software company Freelance Programmers, (later F International, then Xansa, since acquired in 2001 by Steria and now part of the Sopra Steria Group). Having experienced sexism in her workplace, "being fondled, being pushed against the wall",she wanted to create job opportunities for women with dependents, and predominantly employed women, with only three male programmers in the first 300 staff, until the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 made that practice illegal. She also adopted the name "Steve" to help her in the male-dominated business world, given that company letters signed using her real name were not responded to.

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ROSALIND FRANKLIN
She was a British Chemist who made important discovers concerning the molecular structures of DNA ,RNA, viruses.

Her relevant work was well accepted during her lifetime, but after her death, her discoveries gained motoriety .

Franklin's work was so important to the discovery of the structure of DNA, that Watson suggested it would be ideal for her to be awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Wilkins, but the Nobel Committee does not make posthumous nominations.

Franklin is best known for her work with X-ray diffraction imaging of DNA while working at King's College, London, which led to the discovery of the DNA double helix, for which James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins shared the Prize. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962.

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Richard Feynman - Physicist - 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics

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RICHARD FEYNMAN
(1918-1988)
He used to be an American Physicist who made sizable contributions to the area of quantum mechanics, particle physics, and the improvement of the atomic bomb. He is additionally acknowledged for his work on the principle of quantum electrodynamics (QED), which awarded him a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965.
Feynman was once regarded for his extremely good capacity to provide an explanation for complicated scientific standards in easy language, which made him a loved instructor and popularizer of science. He additionally had a ardor for journey and curiosity, which led him to discover numerous fields such as biology, philosophy, and art.
Overall, Feynman's legacy continues to encourage scientists and non-scientists alike, as he stays an icon of scientific curiosity, creativity, and communication.

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MARGARET BURBIDGE
She is known for having been president of the American Astronomical Society in (1976–78) and for the B²FH paper that was published in 1957.

Margaret Burbidge, winner of the Helen B. Wamer Astronomy Prize (1949), the Bruce Medal (1982), the RAS Gold Medal (2005), among other awards. In the 1960s-70s, Margaret Burbidge studied the rotation curves of galaxies and quasars, discovering the most distant astronomical object then known.
From 1979 to 1988, Margaret Burbidge was the first director of UCSD's Center for Astronomy and Space Sciences, where she worked from 1962 until her retirement.

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 Katherine Johnson - Mathematician, Physicist and Space Scientist

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KATHERINE COLEMAN GOBLE JOHNSON - Catarina Boiça

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KATHERINE COLEMAN GOBLE JOHNSON - Catarina Boiça

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KATHERINE COLEMAN GOBLE JOHNSON
She was born in 26 August 1918 in White Sulphur Springs, Virginia Ocidental USA and died in 24 February 2020. Katherine was an American Mathematician, Physicist and Space Scientist. As a Space scientist, she made fundamental contributions to space exploration in the United States, especially in computing application at NASA. Katherine was awarded a Congress Gold Medal. She married twice and had three daughters.

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DONALD A. GLASER - Physicist and Neurobiologist - Nobel Prize in Physics
He was an American physicist and neurobiologist who made contributions in both fields. He was born on September 21, 1926, in Cleveland, Ohio and died on February 28, 2013, in Berkeley, California. Glaser is best known for inventing the bubble chamber, a device that allowed scientists to study subatomic particles by tracking their movement through a liquid. Glaser developed na idea for the bubble chamber while pursuing his Ph.D. in physics at Columbia University in New York. The device ended up being widely used in particle physics to study the structure of the atomic nucleus. Glaser was a professor of neurobiology and physics at the University of California at Berkeley for over 40 years. Glaser has received awards and honors for his contributions to science, including the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1960 for his invention of the bubble chamber. Glaser’s contribution to physics and neurobiology helped advance our understanding of the physical and biological world. His legacy continues to inspire students and researchers around the world.

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JUNE DALZIEL ALMEIDA - Patricia Teixeira

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JUNE DALZIEL ALMEIDA - Patricia Teixeira

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JUNE DALZIEL ALMEIDA
She was born on October 5, 1930, grew up in a poor neighbourhood in north-east Glasgow. She married a Venezuelan artist who she had a daughter with. With her family, she moved to Canada.
In 1964, she was invited to work in graduate school at St. Thomas Hospital Medical School, where she became a collaborator on the staff of Dr. David Tyrrell. The group used nasal washes from volunteers to grow and identify some common viruses associated with the cold, where she developed a method to better visualize the viruses using antibodies to aggregate them. She worked on the hepatitis B virus and the cold viruses. June produced the first images of the rubella virus using electron immunomicroscopy. David Tyrrell and she worked on characterizing a new type of coronavirus.
She left Wellcome and began teaching yoga, but returned as a consultant in the late '80s when she helped take new photos of the HIV virus. She published the Manual for rapid laboratory viral diagnosis in 1979 for the World Health Organization. June Almeida died in Bexhill of a heart attack in 2007.

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James Watson - Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962

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JAMES WATSON
He became famous as one of the scientists who discovered the structure of DNA in 1953 with Francis Crick. For this discovery, they received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962. Thereafter, Watson was instrumental in the development of genetic engineering, including the creation of the first recombinant DNA in 1972. He was also director of the Molecular Biology Laboratory at Cambridge and wrote several books on science and his scientific achievements.

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Gertrude Elion - Nobel Prize in Medicine

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GERTRUDE ELION
American scientist Gertrude Elion transformed medicine with her discoveries and drug development. She was born in New York in 1918, and even as a young child, she shown an interest in science.

Following her graduation with a degree in Chemistry, Elion began working with Burroughs Wellcome, where she stayed for more than 40 years. There, she created ground-breaking drugs to combat a variety of diseases like malaria, leukemia, and gout.

The invention of a novel strategy for drug development was one of Elion's greatest achievements to medicine. Together with George Hitchings, her research collaborator, she tried to create medications that focused on sick cells rather than the entire body's cells.

Elion created a number of significant medications throughout her career, including acyclovir, which is used to treat herpes, and azathioprine, which is used to treat leukemia. For her contributions to medicine, she has won numerous accolades and medals, including the 1988 Nobel Prize in Medicine.

When Gertrude Elion passed away in 1999, the medical industry was left with a lasting legacy. His work on developing drugs transformed the trajectory of modern medicine and helped save countless lives.

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Eugene Paul Wigner -  Nobel Prize in Physics 

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Eugene Paul Wigner
He was born in Budapest, Hungary, on November 17, 1902, naturalized a citizen of the United States on January 8, 1937, has been since 1938 Thomas D. Jones Professor of Mathematical Physics at Princeton University he retired in 1971. His formal education was acquired in Europe; he obtained the Dr. Ing. degree at the Technische Hochschule Berlin. Married in 1941 to Mary Annette Wheeler, he is the father of two children, David and Martha.
Dr.Wigner worked on the Manhattan Project at the University of Chicago during World War II, from 1942 to 1945, and in 1946 1947 became Director of Research and Development at Clinton Laboratories. Official recognition of h is work in nuclear research includes the U. S. Medal for Merit, presented in 1946; the Enrico Fermi Prize (U.S.A.E.C.) awarded in 1958; and the Atoms for Peace Award, in 1960. Dr. Wigner holds the Medal of the Franklin Society, the Max Planck Medal of the German Physical Society, the George Washington Award of the American Physical Society, the George Washington Award of the American--Hungarian Studies Foundation (1964), the Semmelweis Medal of the Hungarian Studies Foundation (1964), the Semmelweis Medal of the AmericanAmerican--Hungarian Medical Association (1965), and the National Medal Hungarian Medical Association (1965), and the National Medal of Science (1969).

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EDAVALAT KAKKAT JANAKI AMMAL -  Faiz Muhammed

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EDAVALAT KAKKAT JANAKI AMMAL -  Faiz Muhammed

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Edavalath Kakkat Janaki Ammal
She was born on 4th November 1897 and died on 7th February 1984. Edavalath was an Indian botanist who worked on plant breeding, cytogenetics and phytogeography. Her most notable work involved studies on sugarcane and the eggplant (brinjal). She also worked on the cytogenetics of a range of plants and co-authored the Chromosome Atlas of Cultivated Plants with C.D. Darlington. She took an interest in ethnobotany and plants of medicinal and economic value from the rain forests of Kerala, India. She was awarded Padma Shri by the then Prime Minister of India in 1977.

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Dorothy Hodgkin - Nobel Prize in Chemistry

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DOROTHY HODGKIN
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was born on 12 May 1910 in Egypt. She was Noble Prize awarded as the British chemist who advanced the technique of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of  bio molecules, which became essential for structural biology. She won the Nobel Prize in 1964 in Chemistry for solving the atomic of molecules such as penicillin and insulin using X-ray crystallography.

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin discovered the structure of penicillin and insulin during World War II, becoming the third woman to win a Nobel Prize

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Chien-shiung wu

She was an Chinese Physicist, and made major contributions to nuclear Physics. she worked on the Manhattan project, where she helped to create the process of separating uranium into uranium-235 and uranium-238 by gaseous diffusion.
After World War II she began her work on beta A emission, a theory known as the "law of conservation of parity" which predicted that radioactive atoms departed symmetrically, however, a new particle KAON was discovered,, that did not follow the rules, no one had observed until Chien did so and noticed that the atoms of these particles departed asymmetrically, with this she retraced the law of conservation of parity and changed the practice of physics forever.

In 1975, she was the first woman president of the American Physics society and, in the same year, received the national medal of science by the president. In 1978 he received the Wolf Medal, one of the most important awards after the Nobel Prize, being the first woman to receive this honor, for her contribution in the research on the beta emission.

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Bell Burnell - Physicist - Nobel Prize awarded

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BELL BURNELL

Susan Jocelyn Bell Burnell, know as Bell Burnell, lived in a very wealthy family with her parents. She attended the Preparatory Department at Lurgan College, where, like the other girls, was not allowed to study science until her parents protested against the school's policies. She failed an exam used for general and professional courses. Her parents sent her to Mount School in York, a girls' boarding school run by the Religious Society of Friends. There she meets Mr. Tillott, to whom she attributes a large part of his vocation for Physics.

She discovered the first radio pulsars in 1967, with which she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1974, and in 1978 she received the J. Robert

Oppenheimer Memorial Prize.

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Flossie Wong-Staal - virologist and molecular biologist

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FLOSSIE WONG-STAAL - Maria de Fátima Araújo

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FLOSSIE WONG-STAAL - Maria de Fátima Araújo

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FLOSSIE WONG-STAAL
She was a virologist and molecular biologist of Chinese and American origin. She was the first scientist to clone HIV and determine the function of its genes, a fact that was a big step towards proving that HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. When Flossie turned 18, she left Hong Kong in order to attend the University of California, Los Angeles, where she could earn a bachelor's degree in biology. Flossie became chief scientific officer of Immusol, formerly the renowned ITherX Pharmaceuticals, in 2007, when it was transforming into a hepatitis C-focused drug development company. In 1994, she was named president of UCSD's new AIDS Research Center. That same year, Wong-Staal was elected to the U.S. National Academy's Institute of Medicine. In 2002, Flossie retired from UCSD and now holds the title of Professor Emeritus. Discover named Wong-Staal as one of the 50 most extraordinary women scientists and also, In 2007, "The Daily Telegraph" announced Dr. Wong-Staal as the 32nd on a list of Top 100 living geniuses. For her contribution to science, the Institute of Scientific Information named Wong-Staal as the leading woman scientist of the '80s.

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Robert Hofstadter - Physics Nobel Prize awarded

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ROBERT HOFSTADTER
He was born on 5th february 1915. Roert was a Nuclear Scientist who studied  the eletrons in the atomic core and the structure of cores. In 1961, he was awarded with the Physics Nobel Prize. After his death in 1990, his studies continued to be important, because they contributed to the advancement of nuclear technology.

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ELOISE GERRY
Eloise Gerry was a scientist who was born on January 12, 1885 in Boston, Massa chusetts, USA.
She died on November 9, 1970 at age 85.
She contributed greatly to the study of southern pine trees and was the first woman appointed to the Forest Service's professional staff.

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Photographs in the 60's 70's timeline