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Summary of Action and Expression Guideline

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Summary of Action and Expression Guideline

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Students differ in the ways that they can express their understanding and skill development as a result of course experiences. For example, learners that have significant movement impairments, struggle with executive function disorders, or have language barriers may approach learning tasks differently. This means that teachers must provide options for action and expression because there is not one means of action and expression that is best for all students.

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Students differ greatly how they can be engaged or motivated to learn in a classroom. How a students can be motivated and engaged in a classroom is dependent on multiple influences such as neurology, culture, personality, and background knowledge. This means that there is not one means of engaging students that will be optimal for all learners and it is crucial to provide learners with multiple options for engagement.

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Recognition Networks: “What” of learning

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Recognition Networks: “What” of learning

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Learners can greatly differ in the ways that they perceive and comprehend information presented to them in the classroom. For example, teachers with students students who have sensory disabilities, learning disabilities, and language or cultural differences may have to present information in a variety of ways. Thus, there is not one means of representation that will be optimal for all learners and it is crucial for educators to provide options for representation.

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Provide Options for Recruiting Interest 

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Provide Options for Recruiting Interest 

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Information that does not engage a learner is not accessible. It is inaccessible because relevant information goes unnoticed and unprocessed. In a classroom, all students will differ in what attracts their attention and engages their interest. Thus, it is crucial that teachers have alternative ways to recruit learner interest that match each individual students' differences.

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Provide Options for Sustaining Effort & Persistence

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Provide Options for Sustaining Effort & Persistence

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All learning requires sustained concentration and effort. All learners differ in their ability to self-regulate their attention and affect. These differences among learners can be caused by disparities in their initial motivation, capacity for self-regulation, or their susceptibility to contextual interference. A teacher's job is to build each student's skills in self-regulation in order to equalize all learning opportunities. Teachers must provide an external environment that can equalize accessibility by providing learning options that can support learners who differ in initial motivation and ability to self-regulation.

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It is crucial that learners' develop an intrinsic ability to self-regulate their own emotions and motivations. However, some students may struggle to develop these skills on their own. Thus, it is important that teachers address self-regulation explicitly in their classroom. Teachers should provide alternative supports to learners with different aptitudes and prior experience to help students learn how to effectively manage their own engagement and motivation.

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To reduce barriers to learning, it is important to ensure that key information is equally perceptible to all learners. Teachers can ensure that all information is perceptible to every students by providing information through different modalities and providing information in a way that allows the students to adjust the formatting. This will not only ensure that information is accessible to students with sensory and perceptual disabilities, but also easier to access and comprehend for all learners.

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Provide Options for Language and Symbols

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Provide Options for Language and Symbols

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Learners vary in their ability to recognize and understand different forms of linguistic and non-linguistic representations. For example, vocabulary that may clarify a concept for one learner may be foreign to another learner from a different cultural or familial background. When information is presented to all students through only one form of representation, inequality in the opportunity to learn may arise. Thus, teachers must ensure that alternative representations are provided for accessibility, clarity, and comprehensibility across all types of students.

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One purpose of education is to teach students how to transform information into knowledge that they can utilize. A student's ability to construct useable knowledge depends heavily upon their active information processing skills. However, individual students can differ greatly in information processing skills such as selective attending, integrating new information with prior knowledge, and active memorization. Through the proper design and presentation of information, teachers can provide the scaffolds necessary to ensure that all their students have access to knowledge and the ability to comprehend that knowledge.

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It is important to provide materials with which all learners have the ability to easily navigate and interact with. If the ways in which students can navigate and interact with informational materials is limited, it can raise barriers for learners with disabilities such as physical disabilities, blindness, or dysgraphia. Teachers should utilize and design instructive materials that provide a seamless interface with common assistive technologies that individuals with disabilities use.

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Provide Options for Expression and Communication

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Provide Options for Expression and Communication

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There is no medium of expression that is equally suited for all learners or for all kinds of communication, but there is media that is poorly suited for some kinds of expression. Thus teachers must provide their students with alternative modalities for expression to allow them to more easily express their knowledge and ideas in the classroom.

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Associated with executive functions are capabilities that allow students to overcome impulsive actions reactions, and instead to set long-term goals, plan strategies to achieve those goals, and monitor their progress. In Universal Design for Learning, teachers try to expand executive capacity of their students by scaffolding lower level skills so that they require less executive processing and by scaffolding higher level executive skills so that they are more effective.

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Graphic organizers are a great tool for students who struggle to remain focused and engaged in the classroom. Graphic organizers are particularly useful for helping students with ADHD develop self-regulation skills and remain on-task during classroom lectures. The website that I have linked allows teachers to downloaded templates such as character Maps, concept Maps, and StoryBoards.

Here is a link to the website: https://thinkport.org/graphic-organizers.html

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Thinkport.org | Leaders in Educational Products

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We offer a collection of pre-formatted graphic organizers that you can integrate into activities and lesson plans or use by themselves.

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Bookshare is a great tool that students with dyslexia, blindness, or a physical disability can utilize to minimize the barriers associated with reading printed books. It is completely free and all that students are required to do is provide proof of a print disability,

Here is a link to Bookshare's official website that provides more information about Bookshare: https://www.bookshare.org/cms/

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Bookshare | An Accessible Online Library for people with print disabilities

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Bookshare makes reading easier. People with dyslexia, blindness, cerebral palsy, and other reading barriers can customize their experience to suit their learning style and find virtually any book they need for school, work, or the joy of reading.

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Technology Examples for Action and Expression

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Technology Examples for Action and Expression

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Flipgrid provides teachers and students with another medium of expression with which to relay their learning, ideas, and thoughts. Students who may be uncomfortable speaking in class, possibly due to a disability or speech impediment, can express themselves through a video using Flipgrid.

Here is a link to Flipgrid's official website that provides more information about Flipgrid: https://info.flip.com