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famous quote: “No one is born hating another person because of the color of their skin, or his background, or his religion. People must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love.”

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Born: Rosa Louise McCauley
February 4, 1913
Tuskegee, Alabama, U.S.
Died | October 24, 2005 (aged 92)
Detroit,Michigan, U.S.
Resting place |  Woodlawn, Cemetery, Detroit
Occupation | Civil rights activist
Known for | Montgomery bus
Movement | Civil Rights Movement
Spouse | Raymond Parks​​(m. 1932; died 1977)​

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Before:

•Rosa moved to Montgomery, Alabama, at age 11 and eventually attended high school there, a laboratory school at the Alabama State Teachers’ College for Negroes. She left at 16, early in 11th grade, because she needed to care for her dying grandmother and, shortly thereafter, her chronically ill mother
•In 1932, at 19, she married Raymond Parks
•He supported Rosa in her efforts to earn her high-school diploma, which she ultimately did the following year
•lived in a segregated city:
-Black people could attend only certain (inferior) schools
-could drink only from specified water fountains
-could borrow books only from the “Black” library
•other restrictions

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The incident that made Rosa Parks famous

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The incident that made Rosa Parks famous

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When the incident that made Rosa Parks famous took place, there was strict segregation in the US, even in public buses.
The front of a Montgomery bus was reserved for white citizens, and the seats behind them for Black citizens.

In 1955, Parks rejected a bus driver's order to leave a row of four seats in the "colored" section once the white section had filled up and move to the back of the bus.

She was seated in the front row of the “colored section.” When the white seats filled, the driver asked Parks and three others to give up their seats for white people. The other Black bus riders complied, but Parks refused.

Eventually, two officers approached the parked bus and took Parks into custody.

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“People always say that I didn’t give up my seat because I was tired, but that isn’t true. I was not tired physically. No, the only tired I was, was tired of giving in.”
—Rosa Parks in her autobiography

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1.  The bus driver called the police and Parks was arrested for for violating Montgomery´s segregation law
2.  Parks was taken to city jail, where she was fingerprinted, photographed, and placed in a cell
3. Parks was released on bail later that evening, thanks to the efforts of her husband, Raymond Parks and E.D. Nixon, a local civil rights leader and member of the NAACP
4. Park´s arrest sparked outrage and led to the Montgomery bus boycott, a year-long protest during which African Americans refused to ride the city buses
5. The boycott was a turning point in the civil rights movement, and it helped bring about the end of segregation on public transportation in Montgamery and other cities

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famous quote:
“Don‘t follow the path. Go where there is no path and begin the trail.“

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-Ruby Nell Bridges Hall
-Born September, 8th 1954 in Tylertown, Missisippi
-oldest of 5 children for Lucille and Abon Bridges
-when she was 2 years old, her parents moved their family to New Orleans, Louisiana in search of better work opportunities

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I had been pushed around all my life and felt at this moment that I couldn’t take it anymore. When I asked the policeman why we had to be pushed around, he said he didn’t know. “The law is the law. You are under arrest.” I didn’t resist.
—Rosa Parks on her arrest

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1. The Montgomery bus boycott: Parks' arrest sparked a boycott of the citv's buses, which lasted for more than a year.

African Americans refused to ride the buses in protest of the segregation laws, which required them to give up their seats to white passengers. The boycott was led by Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders, and it was a turning point in the civil rights movement.
2. Legal challenges to segregation: The boycott led to legal challenges to segregation on public transportation, both in Montgomery and across the country. The Supreme Court eventually declared segregation on public buses to be unconstitutional.
3. Increased activism: Parks' arrest inspired many African Americans to become more involved in the civil rights movement. It also helped to bring attention to the issue of racial discrimination and segregation, both nationally and internationally.
4. Increased attention from the media:

Parks' arrest received widespread media coverage, which helped to raise awareness about the civil rights movement and the injustices faced by African Americans.

5. Increased political involvement: Parks' activism helped to increase political involvement among African Americans.

It also helped to inspire other marginalized groups, such as women and LGBTQ+ individuals, to become more politically active.

Overall, Parks' arrest and the Montgomery bus boycott had a profound impact on the civil rights movement and on American society as a whole. It helped to raise awareness about racial discrimination and segregation and inspired many people to become more involved in the fight for social justice.

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-Her birth year coincided with the US Supreme Court‘s landmark ruling in Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka Kansas, which ended in racial segregation in public school.
—> southern states continued to resist integration. A year later, however, a federal court ordered Louisiana to desegregate

-The school district created entrence exams for African American students to see whether they could compete academically at the all-white school
—> Ruby and 5 other students passed the exam

-She then attended the all-white William Frantz Elementary school since November 14, 1960.

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-In 1964, artist, Norman Rochwell celebrated her courage with a painting of that first day entitled "The Problem We All Live With".

-Ruby graduated from a desegregated high school, became a travel agent, married and had four sons.

-She later wrote about her early experiences in 2 books and recieved the 'Carter G. Woodson Book Award'.

-In 1999 Ruby established the Ruby Bridges Foundation to promote tolerance and create change through education.

-In 2000, she was made an honorary deputy marshal in a ceremony in Washington, DC.

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’‘You must never be fearful about what you are doing when it is right“
—famous quote

The quote by Rosa Parks represents her willingness to fight for what is right, even in the face of negative consequences.
It serves as a reminder that sometimes, the right thing to do is not always the easiest option, yet you should not let the fear hold you back from taking action.

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-Ruby and her mother were escorted by four federal marshals to the school everyday that year.
—>She walked past crowds screaming vicous slurs at her.

-She spend her first day in the principal‘s office due to chaos created as angry white parents pulled their children from school.

-Barbara Henry, a white Boston native, was the only teacher willing to accept Ruby, and all year she was a class of one

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famous quote: " I can’t breathe"
Born:14th oct. 1973
Died:25th may 2020 in Minneapolis
cause:police brutality(neck compression)

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Why did the arrest happen?
–>a store clerk suspected that he used a counterfeit twenty dollar bill. The police officer Derek Chauvin who arrived on the scene, knelt on his neck for 9 minutes and 29 seconds causing a lack of oxygen.
–> his family got 27 million dollars as compensation.
–> Dereck Chauvin was convicted of manslaughter and 2 murders after a trial in 2021 and got sentenced to 22 1/2 years in prison.
–> due to violation of George Floyds civil rights, the other police officers on the scene also got put on trial.

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George Floyd is known for his death and his last words "I can‘t breathe", which became the rallying slogan of the black lives matter movement.
–>The blm is a civil rights movement formend in response to many black people being victims of police brutality, like George Floyd.

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-some families supported her bravery / others protested throughout the city

-Her family suffered: Abon lost his job, grocery stores refused to sell food to Lucille and her grandparents were evicted from their farm

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Full name: Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela

Born: July 18th, 1918, Mvezo in South Africa

Died: December 5th, 2013, Johannesburg in South Africa

President in South Africa 1994-1999

Completed his Junior Certificate at Clarkebury Boarding Institute in 1934

First degree: Bachelor of Arts at University College of Fort Hare

1940 expelled from university due to student protest

1944 joined the African National Congress (ANC) of South Africa and co-founded the Youth League of the ANC

1949 he became part of the Executive Committee

1952 the National Volunteer

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“I think the lesson that I learned is that you can’t look at a person and judge them. That you have to allow yourself an opportunity to really get to know them, no matter what they look like.”
-Ruby Bridges

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-has spoken out against the
segregation and for the equal rights for blacks and whites
-was the first democrat elected black president of Africa and a Hero of the anti-apartheid movement
-is regarded as a symbol of the struggle against apartheid
-For his commitment he received the
Nobel Peace Prize

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In August 1992, Nelson Mandela and his friend Oliver Tambo, founded South Africa's first black-owned law firm. They dealt extensively with the rights of black people and the struggle against apartheid. This led to their law firm being shut down for the first time at the end of 1952.

As the Vice President of the ANC, Mandela was charged with violating the race laws in 1952.

He was sentenced to nine months of probationary imprisonment, house arrest, and a ban on political activity. Nevertheless, Mandela continued to actively fight against apartheid while in hiding.

Several years later, he and many other opponents of apartheid were charged with high treason.

However, he was acquitted in 1961. Mandela continued to organize resistance campaigns. After the ANC was banned, he founded the military organization and became its commander.

Mandela organized financial and military support for the ANC from abroad. He was arrested again and sentenced to five years in prison.

In 1963, the year-long "Rivonia Trial" began in which he was sentenced to life imprisonment for high treason, sabotage, and conspiracy.

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famous quote: “Darkness cannot drive out darkness, only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate, only Love can do that.”

* 15.01.1929 in Atlanta Georgia
† 04.04.1968 in Memphis Tennessee

-He was a preacher
-older generations of his family were enslaved

-he was one of the most famous representatives in the non violent fight against discrimination
-most known speaker of the  Civil Right Movement ( 1950- 1960)
->turned into a mass movement
->Right to vote in the southern states
-> racial segregation was lifted by law

-he was arrested 29 times during his carrier
-On 25th of October 1960 he was sentenced to 4 months of forced Labour.

“March on Washington for jobs and freedom“:
28.08.1963
-famous speech „I have a Dream“
-nobel Peace Prize on the  11th of December 1964 in Oslo

-A day before his death he held the speech: “I‘ve been to the mountaintop“
-on the 04th of April 1968 James Earl Ray ,a previously convicted racist shot Martin Luther King

-after his death, there were riots in over 110 cities
†39 people died, 2000 people were injured, 10.000 were arrested.

Even after his death, Martin Luther King received many prizes.

the 15th of January, (his birthday) is celebrated as a national holiday: Martin Luther King Day