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1945 Creation of the United Nations- What is the United Nations? What is its purpose?

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1945 Creation of the United Nations- What is the United Nations? What is its purpose?

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The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries. It maintains international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights.

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March 1946 Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech

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March 1946 Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech

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Iron Curtain speech, speech delivered by former British prime minister Winston Churchill in Fulton, Missouri, on March 5, 1946, in which he stressed the necessity for the United States and Britain to act as the guardians of peace and stability against the menace of Soviet communism, which had lowered an “iron curtain” .

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The Berlin Blockade was an attempt in 1948 by the Soviet Union to limit the ability of the United States, Great Britain and France to travel to their sectors of Berlin, which lay within Russian-occupied East Germany.  In June 1948, the simmering tensions between the Soviet Union and its former allies in World War ll, exploded into a full-blown crisis in the city of Berlin.

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1948 Marshall Plan- What is the Marshall Plan?

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1948 Marshall Plan- What is the Marshall Plan?

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The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, was a U.S. program providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation of World War II. It was enacted in 1948 and provided more than $15 billion to help finance rebuilding efforts on the continent.

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1949 NATO- What was the purpose of this organization?

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1949 NATO- What was the purpose of this organization?

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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created in 1949 by the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union. NATO was the first peacetime military alliance the United States entered into outside of the Western Hemisphere.

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The announcement ended the costly full-scale civil war between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Nationalist Party, or Kuomintang (KMT). It broke out immediately following World War II and had been preceded by on and off conflict between the two sides since the 1920's.

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North Korea attacked South Korea on June 25, 1950, igniting the Korean War. The Korean War was fought between North Korea and South Korea from 1950 to 1953. The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and rebellions in South Korea.

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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional.The Topeka Brown case is important because it helped convince the Court that even when physical facilities and other "tangible" factors were equal, segregation still deprived minority children of equal educational opportunities.

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On October 29, 1956, 10 Israeli brigades invaded Egypt and advanced toward the canal, routing Egyptian forces. Britain and France, following their plan, demanded that Israeli and Egyptian troops withdraw from the canal, and they announced that they would intervene to enforce a cease-fire ordered by the United Nations.

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The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a civil rights protest during which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating. The boycott took place from December 5, 1955, to December 20, 1956, and is regarded as the first large-scale U.S. demonstration against segregation.

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Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 1957- What is this group?

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Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 1957- What is this group?

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The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is a civil rights organization founded in 1957, as an offshoot of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA). It successfully staged a 381-day boycott of the Montgomery Alabama's segregated bus system.

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The Sputnik crisis was a period of public fear and anxiety in Western nations about the perceived technological gap between the United States and Soviet Union caused by the Soviets' launch of Sputnik 1, the world's first artificial satellite.The fact that the Soviets were successful fed fears that the U.S. military had generally fallen behind in developing new technology. As a result, the launch of Sputnik served to intensify the arms race and raise Cold War tensions.

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On April 17, the Cuban-exile invasion force, known as Brigade 2506, landed at beaches along the Bay of Pigs and immediately came under heavy fire. Cuban planes strafed the invaders, sank two escort ships, and destroyed half of the exile's air support.

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The original group of 13 Freedom Riders, seven African Americans and six whites, left Washington, D.C., on a Greyhound bus on May 4, 1961. Their plan was to reach New Orleans, Louisiana, on May 17 to commemorate the seventh anniversary of the Supreme Court's Brown

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In response, East Germany built a barrier to close off East Germans' access to West Berlin and hence West Germany. That barrier, the Berlin Wall, was first erected on the night of August 12–13, 1961, as the result of a decree passed on August 12 by the East German Volkskammer

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1962 Creation of the United Farm Workers (UFW)- What is the UFW?

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1962 Creation of the United Farm Workers (UFW)- What is the UFW?

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Begun in 1962 by Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, Gilbert Padilla, and other early organizers, the United Farm Workers of America is the nation's first enduring and largest farm workers union. The UFW continues organizing in major agricultural sectors, chiefly in California.

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During the Cuban Missile Crisis, leaders of the U.S. and the Soviet Union engaged in a tense, 13-day political and military standoff in October 1962 over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba, just 90 miles from U.S. shores. Thus, the Soviet did not remove missiles from Cuba because they were willing to do so. Instead, they had no other option other than escaping from the U.S. that was provoked by these missiles, the U.S. won during the crisis.

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Publication of the Feminine Mystique 1963- What did this publication led to?

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Publication of the Feminine Mystique 1963- What did this publication led to?

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Friedan's book is credited with sparking second-wave feminism by directing women's attention to the broad social basis of their problems, stirring many to political and social activism.The feminine “mystique” was the idealized image to which women tried to conform despite their lack of fulfillment. "The Feminine Mystique" explains that in post-World War II United States life, women were encouraged to be wives, mothers, and housewives—and only wives, mothers, and housewives. The Feminine Mystique, gave voice to millions of American women's frustrations with their limited gender roles and helped spark widespread public activism for gender equality.

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On 28 August 1963, more than 200,000 demonstrators took part in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in the nation's capital. The march was successful in pressuring the administration of John F. Kennedy to initiate a strong federal civil rights bill in Congress.

The purpose of the march was to advocate for the civil and economic rights of African Americans. At the march, final speaker Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., standing in front of the Lincoln Memorial, delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech in which he called for an end to racism.

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1963 Assassination of JFK- Who assassinated him?

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1963 Assassination of JFK- Who assassinated him?

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Shortly after noon on November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated as he rode in a motorcade through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas, Texas. After a 10-month investigation, the Warren Commission concluded that Oswald assassinated Kennedy, that Oswald had acted entirely alone, and that Ruby had acted alone in killing Oswald.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Provisions of this civil rights act forbade discrimination on the basis of sex, as well as, race in hiring, promoting, and firing.

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This act was signed into law on August 6, 1965, by President Lyndon Johnson. It outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting. removed barriers to black enfranchisement in the South, banning poll taxes, literacy tests, and other measures that effectively prevented African Americans from voting.

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In late January, The Tet Offensive changed public perception of the Vietnam War. Although a costly loss for communist forces from North Vietnam and the Viet Cong, the series of attacks led South Vietnamese and United States citizens to question the outcome of the war. was a major escalation and one of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War.

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1969 Stonewall Riots- What did this event cause to happen?

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1969 Stonewall Riots- What did this event cause to happen?

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The Stonewall Riots, also called the Stonewall Uprising, began in the early hours of June 28, 1969 when New York City police raided the Stonewall Inn, a gay club located in Greenwich Village in New York City. The raid sparked a riot among bar patrons and neighborhood residents as police roughly hauled employees and patrons out of the bar, leading to six days of protests and violent clashes with law enforcement outside the bar on Christopher Street, in neighboring streets and in nearby Christopher Park. The Stonewall Riots served as a catalyst for the gay rights movement in the United States and around the world

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The Occupation of Alcatraz (November 20, 1969 – June 11, 1971) was a 19-month long protest when 89 Native Americans and their supporters occupied Alcatraz Island. The occupation of Alcatraz Island galvanized a movement through which Native Americans won back much of their sovereignty. But its legacy carries on in modern protests over land and water right and the treaties whose broken promises remain unresolved.

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Title IX of the Educational Amendments passed 1972- What did Title IX do?

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Title IX of the Educational Amendments passed 1972- What did Title IX do?

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Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 is a federal law that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any education program or activity offered by a recipient of federal financial assistance.

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The scandal stemmed from the Nixon administration's continual attempts to cover up its involvement in the June 17, 1972, break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Washington, D.C., Watergate Office Building. The name "Watergate" comes from the hotel in Washington, D.C. where the first crime and break in took place, and is often associated with political scandals.

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Roe v. Wade, January 22, 1973, was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the Constitution of the United States protects a pregnant woman's liberty to choose to have an abortion without excessive government restriction. Prior to this decision, abortion had been illegal through out most of the country since the late nineteenth century.

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August 9, 1974 Resignation of Richard Nixon

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August 9, 1974 Resignation of Richard Nixon

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President Richard Nixon made an address to the American public from the Oval Office on August 8, 1974, to announce his resignation from the presidency due to the Watergate scandal. Nixon's resignation was the culmination of what he referred to in his speech as the "long and difficult period of Watergate", a 1970s federal political scandal stemming from the break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate Office Building by five men during the 1972 presidential election

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The Vietnam War was a long, costly and major disagreement among people that caused major conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. The conflict was intensified by the ongoing Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. More than 3 million people (including over 58,000 Americans) were killed in the Vietnam War, and more than half of the dead were Vietnamese civilians.

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On September 11, 2001, 19 militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al Qaeda hijacked four airplanes and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States. Two of the planes were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, a third plane hit the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside Washington, D.C., and the fourth plane crashed in a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. Almost 3,000 people were killed during the 9/11 terrorist attacks, which triggered major U.S. initiatives to combat terrorism and defined the presidency of George W. Bush.

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The intelligence that led to the U.S led invasion of Iraq in March 2003 remains a controversy, but the invasion changed the decade in a way that its predecessor, the Gulf War, didn't. Saddam Hussein, Iraq's brutal dictator since 1979, was successfully ousted from power; his two sons, Uday and Qusay, were killed fighting with coalition troops; and Hussein was found hiding in a hole on Dec. 14, 2003.
Tried for crimes against humanity, Hussein was hanged on Dec. 30, 2006, marking an official end to the Baathist regime. On June 29, 2009, U.S. forces withdrew from Baghdad, but the situation in the region is still unstable.

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The wave struck on Dec. 26, 2004, with a catastrophic force usually confined to apocalyptic action flicks. The second-largest earthquake ever recorded, with at least a 9.1 magnitude, ripped the floor of the Indian Ocean west of Indonesia. The resulting tsunami slammed 11 countries as far away as South Africa, with waves up to 100 feet high. The tsunami claimed victims in both poor villages and plush tourist resorts. In the end, nearly 230,000 people were killed, missing, or presumed dead. The devastation prompted a massive global humanitarian response, with more than $7 billion donated to the affected regions. The disaster also prompted the creation of the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System.

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In December 2007, the U.S. experienced its worst economic downturn since the Great Depression. The recession showed that globalization means that countries aren't immune to the effects of foreclosures, rising unemployment rates, controversial bank bailout and a weak gross domestic product. As various nations suffered the consequences of the downturns, world leaders grappled with how to counter the economic crisis in a unified manner. Then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown unsuccessfully tried to push his "global new deal" in response, but most leaders agreed that better regulatory oversight was needed to prevent a similar crisis in the future.

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The deadliest natural disaster of the decade happened in the first month of 2010, when a magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck the West Indian island of Hispaniola on the afternoon of January 12. Followed by dozens of powerful aftershocks, the quake hit hardest in Haiti, the poorest country in the western hemisphere, killing an estimated 200,000 to 250,000 people and affecting some 3 million. The disaster drew a worldwide humanitarian response, but the impact of the earthquake was felt throughout the decade, as Haiti and its people continued along the difficult path to recovery.

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Around 1,000 people marched through the streets of New York City’s Financial District in September 2011 under an “Occupy Wall Street” banner. The protesters condemned income inequality and the influence of money in politics, and called for an overhaul of what they saw as a failing financial system. Like the Arab Spring, a wave of populist uprisings against authoritarian regimes in the Middle East that began that same year, the Occupy Wall Street movement spread via social media. Thousands more people showed up to join the sit-in in Zuccotti Park, near the New York Stock Exchange, and similar protests launched in dozens of cities across the country.

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In 2013, three black female activists started using the social media hashtag #BlackLivesMatter in response to the acquittal of George Zimmerman, who shot and killed an unarmed black teen, Trayvon Martin, the previous year. Drawing inspiration from the civil rights and Black Power movements of the 1960s and Occupy Wall Street, the Black Lives Matter movement gained more attention in 2014 and 2015, when rioting followed the deaths of several black men who were killed by police. The slogan gained prominence throughout the decade and cemented the growing role of social media in modern-day activist movements.

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The Boston Marathon Bombing was a terrorist attack that occurred on April 15, 2013, when two bombs went off near the finish line of the Boston Marathon, killing three spectators and wounding more than 260 other people. After an intense manhunt, police captured one of the bombing suspects, 19-year-old Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, whose older brother and fellow suspect, 26-year-old Tamerlan Tsarnaev, died following a shootout with law enforcement. Investigators concluded that the Tsarnaevs, who spent part of their childhoods in the former Soviet republic of Kyrgyzstan, planned and carried out the attack on their own and were not connected to any terrorist groups.

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In mid-2016, amid a mass refugee crisis in Europe and furious debate over migration, Britons voted roughly 52 to 48 percent in favor of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union, Brexit. The deadline for withdrawal was extended several times, as Parliament’s steadfast opposition to a proposed deal led to Prime Minister Theresa May’s resignation in mid-2019. Though May’s successor, Boris Johnson, initially planned to force an exit, with or without a deal, opposition to this plan forced him to seek yet another extension, pushing the contentious issue into the next decade.

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The gay rights movement in the United States has seen huge progress in the last century, and especially the last two decades. Laws prohibiting homosexual activity have been struck down; lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals can now serve openly in the military. And same-sex couples can now legally get married and adopt children in all 50 states. But it has been a long and bumpy road for gay rights proponents, who are still advocating for employment, housing and transgender rights.