# data[].attributes.body
A separate code will be provided during class for the lecture portion of instruction. This activity is provided for students to use prior and after class, to take notes and develop questions for class.

# data[].attributes.body
Post your questions after each lesson, in the comment section, for each of the lessons.  We will discuss them at the beginning of each lecture.

# data[].attributes.body
Take 5 minutes to answer the questions for each lesson and submit them when done.

# data[].attributes.body
To what extent did Portugal influence exploration? Why?

# data[].attributes.body
Using the Google Form, read/analyze each document and answer the questions, in the Google Form.  Be prepared to discuss the documents.

# data[].attributes.body
Define each of the terms in your notes and be able to make connections between terms as it relates to the lesson.

# data[].attributes.body
Take 5 minutes to answer the questions for each lesson.
Be ready to discuss the question. Place your answers in the comments for each lesson.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Document Analysis: "Mesa Verde Cliff Palace"

“Mesa Verde National Park Cliff Palace”

Mesa Verde's Cliffside Dwellings Show a Glimpse of History | National Geographic

Native peoples in the Southwest began constructing these highly defensible cliff dwellings in 1190 CE and continued expanding and refurbishing them until 1260 CE before abandoning them around 1300 CE.

Why do you believe the dwellings were constructed to be defensible?

Changing climatic conditions resulted in an increased competition for resources that led some groups to ally with their neighbors for both protection and subsistence. The circular rooms in the foreground were called kivas and had ceremonial and religious importance for the inhabitants.

How do you think that climate change contributed to the design of dwellings?

The kivas were circular.  What does that tell you about the society, in terms of how they viewed societal hierarchy?

Cliff Palace had 23 kivas and 150 rooms housing a population of approximately 100 people; the number of rooms and large population has led scholars to believe that this complex may have been the center of a larger polity that included surrounding communities.

What do the numbers tell you about this dwelling, with 23 Kivas; 150 rooms and only 100 people living in the dwellings?  What purpose do you think the dwelling served and what purpose do you think the 100 inhabitants served?

Never submit passwords through Google Forms.

# data[].attributes.body
Crusades
Silk Road
Constantinople
Caravel
Cartography

# data[].attributes.body
Beringia
Cahokia
Tenochtitlán
Maize
Three Sisters

# data[].attributes.body
Reconquista
Conquistadors
Treaty of Tordesillas
Hernan Cortez
Francisco Pizarro

# data[].attributes.body
Encomienda System
Sistema de Castas
Bartolomé De Las Casas
Black Legend

# data[].attributes.body
Mercantilism
Maize
Smallpox
Columbian Exchange
Cash Crops

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Lesson 1: Document Analysis: "Mesa Verde Cliff Palace"

Read or analyze the document and answer the questions below, with a short answer.  Make sure to write your responses in grammatically correct and complete sentences.

“Mesa Verde National Park Cliff Palace”

Mesa Verde's Cliffside Dwellings Show a Glimpse of History | National Geographic

Native peoples in the Southwest began constructing these highly defensible cliff dwellings in 1190 CE and continued expanding and refurbishing them until 1260 CE before abandoning them around 1300 CE.

Why do you believe the dwellings were constructed to be defensible?

Changing climatic conditions resulted in an increased competition for resources that led some groups to ally with their neighbors for both protection and subsistence. The circular rooms in the foreground were called kivas and had ceremonial and religious importance for the inhabitants.

How do you think that climate change contributed to the design of dwellings?

The kivas were circular.  What does that tell you about the society, in terms of how they viewed societal hierarchy?

Cliff Palace had 23 kivas and 150 rooms housing a population of approximately 100 people; the number of rooms and large population has led scholars to believe that this complex may have been the center of a larger polity that included surrounding communities.

What do the numbers tell you about this dwelling, with 23 Kivas; 150 rooms and only 100 people living in the dwellings?  What purpose do you think the dwelling served and what purpose do you think the 100 inhabitants served?

Never submit passwords through Google Forms.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A particular discourse concerning the great necessity and manifold commodities that are like to grow to this Realm of England by the Western discoveries lately attempted, Written In the year 1584 by Richard Hakluyt of Oxford at the request and direction of the right worshipful Mr. Walter Raleigh now Knight, before the coming home of his Two Barks: and is divided into 21 chapters, the Titles whereof follow in the next leaf.  Below are five summaries of the 21 chapters, answer the questions that follow for each summary.

That this western discovery will be greatly for the enlargement of the gospel of Christ whereunto the Princes of the reformed religion are chiefly bound amongst whom her Majesty is principally.

What is the western discovery? What was Hakluyt's argument and whom was he presenting the argument?

That all other English trades are grown beggarly ( pitifully or deplorably meager or bad)  or dangerous, especially in all the king of Spain his Dominions, where our men are driven to fling their Bibles and prayer Books into the sea, and to forswear and renounce their religion and conscience and consequently their obedience to her Majesty.

What are the two problems in this part of the argument?

That this western voyage will yield unto us all the commodities of Europe, Africa, and Asia, as far as we were wont to travel, and supply the wants of all our decayed trades.

What are commodities?  What is meant by "supply the wants of all our decayed trades"?

That the mischiefs that the Indian Treasure wrought in time of Charles the late Emperor father to the Spanish king, is to be had in consideration of the Queens most excellent Majesty, least the continually coming of the like treasure from thence to his son, work the unrecoverable annoyance of this Realm, whereof already we have had very dangerous experience.

What is the "Indian Treasure"? What is the argument? Hint: It is related to what is the Indian Treasure.

That the Spaniards have executed most outrageous and more than Turkish cruelties in all the west Indies, whereby they are everywhere there, become most odious unto them, who would join with us or any other most willingly to shake of their most intolerable yoke, and have begun to do it already in diverse places where they were Lords heretofore.

What is the term used to describe Spanish atrocities against the natives?  Why does Hakluyt compare the actions of the Spaniards to the Turkish Empire?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Bartolomé de Las Casas, a Spanish Dominican priest, wrote directly to the King of Spain hoping for new laws to prevent the brutal exploitation of Native Americans. Las Casas’ writings quickly spread around Europe and were used as humanitarian justification for other European nations to challenge Spain’s colonial empire with their own schemes of conquest and colonization.

Now this infinite multitude of Men are by the Creation of God innocently simple, altogether void of and averse to all manner of Craft, Subtlety and Malice, and most Obedient and Loyal Subjects to their Native Sovereigns; and behave themselves very patiently, submissively and quietly towards the Spaniards, to whom they are subservient and subject; so that finally they live without the least thirst after revenge, laying aside all litigiousness, Commotion and hatred…

The natives are capable of Morality or Goodness and very apt to receive the principles of Catholic Religion; nor are they averse to Civility and good Manners…, I myself have heard the Spaniards themselves (who dare not assume the Confidence to deny the good Nature in them) declare, that there was nothing wanting in them for the acquisition of eternal grace, but the sole Knowledge and Understanding of the Deity….

The Spaniards first assaulted the innocent Sheep, so qualified by the Almighty, like most cruel tigers, wolves, and lions, hunger-starved, studying nothing, for the space of Forty Years, after their first landing, but the Massacre of these Wretches, whom they have so inhumanely and barbarously butchered and harassed with several kinds of Torments, never before known, or heard... that of Three Millions of Persons, which lived in Hispaniola itself, there is at present but the inconsiderable remnant of scarce Three Hundred.

Nay the Isle of Cuba, which extends as far, as Valladolid in Spain is distant from Rome, lies now uncultivated, like a Desert, and entombed in its own Ruins. You may also find the Isles of St. John, and Jamaica, both large and fruitful places, unpeopled and desolate. The Lucayan Islands on the North Side, adjacent to Hispaniola and Cuba, which are Sixty in number, or thereabout, together with those, vulgarly known by the name of the Gigantic Isles, and others, the most infertile whereof, exceeds the Royal Garden of Seville in fruitfulness, a most Healthful and pleasant Climate, is now laid waste and uninhabited; and whereas, when the Spaniards first arrived here, about Five Hundred Thousand Men dwelt in it, they are now cut off, some by slaughter, and others ravished away by Force and Violence, to work in the Mines of Hispaniola, which was destitute of Native Inhabitants:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
When Columbus landed on the island of Hispaniola (the island including the modern countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic) during his first voyage in 1492, he and his men did not realize the lasting effects their voyage would have on both the New World and the Old at that time and in the years to come. The Columbian Exchange is the term given to the transfer of plants, animals, disease, and technology between the Old World from which Columbus came and the New World which he found. Some exchanges were purposeful — the explorers intentionally brought animals and food — but others were accidental. In this lesson you will read about this Exchange from a description written by Charles C. Mann, a writer specializing in scientific topics.

Colon [Columbus] and his crew did not voyage alone. They were accompanied by a menagerie of insects, plants, mammals, and microorganisms. Beginning with La Isabela [Colon’s first settlement], European expeditions brought cattle, sheep, and horses, along with crops like sugar cane (originally from New Guinea), wheat (from the Middle East), bananas (from Africa), and coffee (also from Africa). Equally important, creatures the colonists knew nothing about hitchhiked along for the ride. Earthworms, mosquitoes, and cockroaches; honeybees, dandelions, and African grasses; rats of every description — all of them poured from the hulls of Colon’s vessels and those that followed, rushing like eager tourists into lands that had never seen their like before.

What is the thesis statement of paragraph 1? How does Mann develop that thesis? Cite evidence from the text.

In the second paragraph of this excerpt, Mann implies his thesis but does not actually state it. What is the implied thesis of paragraph 2? How does he imply the thesis?

Cattle and sheep ground the American vegetation between their flat teeth, preventing the regrowth of native shrubs and trees. Beneath their hooves would sprout grasses from Africa, possibly introduced from slave ship bedding; splay-leaved [with wide leaves] and dense on the ground, they choked out native vegetation. (Alien grasses could withstand grazing better than Caribbean groundcover plants because grasses grow from the base of the leaf, unlike most other species, which grows from the tip. Grazing consumes the growth zones of the latter but has little impact on those in the former.) Over the years forests of Caribbean palm, mahogany, and ceiba [the silk-cotton tree] became forest of Australian acacia [small tree of the mimosa family], Ethiopian shrubs, and the Central American logwood. Scurrying below, mongooses from India eagerly drove Dominican snakes toward extinction. The changes continue to this day. Orange groves, introduced to Hispaniola from Spain, have recently begun to fall to the depredation of lime swallowtail butterflies, a citrus pest from Southeast Asia that probably came over in 2004. Today Hispaniola has only small fragments of its original forest.

Why do you believe Columbus brought cattle, sheep or horses with him?

How did the introduction of cattle and sheep affect plant life on Hispaniola?

From the human perspective, the most dramatic impact of the Columbian Exchange was on humankind itself. Spanish accounts suggest that Hispaniola had a large native population: Colón, for instance, casually described the Taino as “innumerable, for I believe there to be millions upon millions of them.” Las Casas claimed the population to be “more than three million.” Modern researchers have not nailed down the number; estimates range from 60,000 to almost 8,000,000. A careful study in 2003 argued that the true figure was “a few hundred thousand.” No matter what the original number, though, the European impact was horrific. In1514, twenty-two years after Colon’s first voyage, the Spanish government counted up the Indians on Hispaniola for the purpose of allocating them among colonists as laborers. Census agents fanned across the island but found only 26,000 Taino. Thirty-four years later, according to one scholarly Spanish resident, fewer than 500 Taino were alive….

What is the thesis of this excerpt?  What evidence does Mann use to develop this thesis?

Spanish cruelty played its part in the calamity, but its larger cause was the Columbian Exchange. Before Colon none of the epidemic diseases common in Europe and Asia existed in the Americas. The viruses that cause smallpox, influenza, hepatitis, measles, encephalitis, and viral pneumonia; the bacteria that cause tuberculosis, diphtheria, cholera, typhus, scarlet fever, and bacterial meningitis — by a quirk of evolutionary history, all were unknown in the Western Hemisphere. Shipped across the ocean from Europe these maladies consumed Hispaniola’s native population with stunning rapacity. The first recorded epidemic, perhaps due to swine flu, was in 1493….

According to the author, what two factors caused this change in population? Which cause was the most influential?

Why was the introduction of these diseases so devastating for the Taino and not the Spanish explorers?

# data[].attributes.body
To what extent did the cultivation of maize and the "Three Sisters" contribute to the development of Pre-Columbian indigenous civilizations.

# data[].attributes.body
Describe the main three motivations for Spanish exploration and conquest of America. Give an example of each.

# data[].attributes.body
The Spanish, French and British each had different approaches towards their interactions with indigenous people of America. Briefly describe each.

# data[].attributes.body
We know that the Columbian Exchange had a dramatic impact on the native population, depopulating the continent. What impact did it have on the population in Europe?

# data[].attributes.body
Why did Columbus sail west? What was his goal?

# data[].attributes.body
Why are Native Americans also called Indians? Name one Native American Civilization that existed prior to Columbus.

# data[].attributes.body
Define mercantilism. How did it influence European exploration and conquest of America?

# data[].attributes.body
How do Europeans and Native Americans interact with each other? Was it peaceful or not and why?

# data[].attributes.body
Name one impact the Columbian Exchange had on the population in America and the population in Europe? What were the causes for the differences?