# data[].attributes.headline
Describe what you have learned and/or what do you want to learn more about pertaining to this topic?

# data[].attributes.subject
Describe what you have learned and/or what do you want to learn more about pertaining to this topic?

# data[].attributes.body
I would like to learn more about the way that the batteries are produced, the cost to charge and replace, and the efficiency of the batteries in output and time to charge. I feel that electric vehicles are a great idea and could possibly replace gas powered engines, however I do still have many concerns.
While reading this article I feel that I did become more educated on the topic of electric and hybrid electric vehicles and cars. I was able to take away some of the history of electric vehicles as well as some previously unknown pros and cons such as statistics on carbon emissions and cost.

# data[].attributes.body
I disagreed with a couple of points that the article discussed. Initially, I was surprised to learn that the history of electric vehicles stretches over a century. Recent government involvement, however, has shoved the electric vehicle on the market and has provided incentives for production, sales, and ownership of electric vehicles. I do not think that the government should be using tax dollars as vouchers for people or companies who buy and sell electric vehicles or for setting up thousands of charging stations to ease peoples anxiety of buying electric vehicles. I feel that IF the electric vehicles are efficient, better for the environment, and can perform well in comparison with the combustion engine then people will naturally migrate more toward electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Lastly, someone could start a business setting up charging stations instead of the government subsidizing it.
In addition I disagreed with the fact that the article did not discuss the batteries, which are rechargeable and power the electric cars. One of the major concerns is that the more a battery is used and recharged, eventually it loses its ability to store large amounts of energy. Furthermore, the minerals that are used to create batteries are mined for by using gas powered vehicles/machines. It would have been interesting to learn more about the batteries including transfer and storage of power.

# data[].attributes.body
I agreed with many aspects of the Gale article that I read about Electric Vehicles. First, I agree that the popularity of electric vehicles coincides with the cost of fuel. As gas prices rise and fall, so does the sales of electric vehicles. Makes me wonder that, with the recent rise in fuel cost, somebody may be raising costs on purpose in order to push a transition away from gas powered vehicles.
Secondly, I agree that the battery powered function of electric vehicles is still improving and is not yet running efficiently as gas powered vehicles. (power, speed, distance, reliability).
Lastly, I agree that electric vehicles have the ability to lower the carbon emissions that are caused by millions of vehicles around the world driving everyday. However, where that power comes from seems to still be a struggle. Power Plants burn coal at an extremely high rate in order to produce electricity that would charge the batteries to power the electric vehicles. Furthermore, wind and solar have proven to be inconsistent and inefficient in obtaining, storing, and transferring power.

# data[].attributes.headline
Mr. Collins (Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Cars)

# data[].attributes.subject
Mr. Collins (Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Cars)

# data[].attributes.body
While browsing through the topics that were listed I stumbled upon the topic of Electric and Hybrid Electric Cars and Vehicles. This topic stood out to me like a full moon on a dark night because I recently filled up my gas tank and got an Express Car Wash at a local Shell gas station. I was stunned when the total reached triple digits. As a result, I was interested in this topic.

Throughout this article of acronyms (EV's, HEV's, PHEV's etc) I was able to gain an understanding of the pros and cons of the Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Moreover, the information provided background knowledge, vehicle owner feedback, statistics, and cost efficiency. Some of the statistics however, were vague, somewhat confusing, and caused me to question the articles neutrality.

# data[].attributes.body
This topic focuses on policies and work to support and promote the equity of all races, and to show how racism is systemic.

# data[].attributes.body
As a smart person does I looked through all of the different opposing topics and the one thought caught my eye because I was looking for an easy one was this one about Zoos and Aquariums. The article talked about how zoo's and aquariums are both places in which animals are held or in closed in for public display with the only main difference being that zoo's usually have many different type of animals from many different environments and habitats while aquariums are more for sea creature and things that have to do with the seas and oceans.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia (). With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, have myocytes and are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development. Animals form a clade, meaning that they arose from a single common ancestor.

Over 1.5 million living animal species have been described, of which around 1.05 million are insects, over 85,000 are molluscs, and around 65,000 are vertebrates. It has been estimated there are as many as 7.77 million animal species on Earth. Animal body lengths range from 8.5 μm (0.00033 in) to 33.6 m (110 ft). They have complex ecologies and interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs. The scientific study of animals is known as zoology, and the study of animal behaviors is known as ethology.

Most living animal species belong to the infrakingdom Bilateria, a highly proliferative clade whose members have a bilaterally symmetric body plan. The vast majority belong to two large superphyla: the protostomes, which includes organisms such as the arthropods, molluscs, flatworms, annelids and nematodes; and the deuterostomes, which include the echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates, the latter of which contains the vertebrates. The simple Xenacoelomorpha have an uncertain position within Bilateria.

Animals first appear in the fossil record in the late Cryogenian period, and diversified in the subsequent Ediacaran. Earlier evidence of animals is still controversial; the sponge-like organism has been dated back to the Tonian period at the start of the Neoproterozoic, but its identity as an animal is heavily contested. Nearly all modern animal phyla became clearly established in the fossil record as marine species during the Cambrian explosion, which began around 539 million years ago (Mya), and most classes during the Ordovician radiation 485.4 Mya. 6,331 groups of genes common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single common ancestor that lived about 650 Mya during the Cryogenian period.

Historically, Aristotle divided animals into those with blood and those without. Carl Linnaeus created the first hierarchical biological classification for animals in 1758 with his Systema Naturae, which Jean-Baptiste Lamarck expanded into 14 phyla by 1809. In 1874, Ernst Haeckel divided the animal kingdom into the multicellular Metazoa (now synonymous with Animalia) and the Protozoa, single-celled organisms no longer considered animals. In modern times, the biological classification of animals relies on advanced techniques, such as molecular phylogenetics, which are effective at demonstrating the evolutionary relationships between taxa.

Humans make use of many other animal species for food (including meat, eggs, and dairy products), for materials (such as leather, fur, and wool), as pets and as working animals for transportation, and services. Dogs, the first domesticated animal, have been used in hunting, in security and in warfare, as have horses, pigeons and birds of prey; while other terrestrial and aquatic animals are hunted for sports, trophies or profits. Non-human animals are also an important cultural element of human evolution, having appeared in cave arts and totems since the earliest times, and are frequently featured in mythology, religion, arts, literature, heraldry, politics, and sports.

The word animal comes from the Latin noun animal of the same meaning, which is itself derived from Latin animalis 'having breath or soul'. The biological definition includes all members of the kingdom Animalia. In colloquial usage, the term animal is often used to refer only to nonhuman animals. The term metazoa is derived from Ancient Greek μετα ( meta) 'after' (in biology, the prefix meta- stands for 'later') and ζῷᾰ ( zōia) 'animals', plural of ζῷον zōion 'animal'.

Characteristics

Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular. Unlike plants and algae, which produce their own nutrients, animals are heterotrophic, feeding on organic material and digesting it internally. With very few exceptions, animals respire aerobically. All animals are motile (able to spontaneously move their bodies) during at least part of their life cycle, but some animals, such as sponges, corals, mussels, and barnacles, later become sessile. The blastula is a stage in embryonic development that is unique to animals, allowing cells to be differentiated into specialised tissues and organs.

All animals are composed of cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. During development, the animal extracellular matrix forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganised, making the formation of complex structures possible. This may be calcified, forming structures such as shells, bones, and spicules. In contrast, the cells of other multicellular organisms (primarily algae, plants, and fungi) are held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth. Animal cells uniquely possess the cell junctions called tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.

With few exceptions-in particular, the sponges and placozoans-animal bodies are differentiated into tissues. These include muscles, which enable locomotion, and nerve tissues, which transmit signals and coordinate the body. Typically, there is also an internal digestive chamber with either one opening (in Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and flatworms) or two openings (in most bilaterians).

Reproduction and development

Nearly all animals make use of some form of sexual reproduction. They produce haploid gametes by meiosis; the smaller, motile gametes are spermatozoa and the larger, non-motile gametes are ova. These fuse to form zygotes, which develop via mitosis into a hollow sphere, called a blastula. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location, attach to the seabed, and develop into a new sponge. In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement. It first invaginates to form a gastrula with a digestive chamber and two separate germ layers, an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm. In most cases, a third germ layer, the mesoderm, also develops between them. These germ layers then differentiate to form tissues and organs.

Repeated instances of mating with a close relative during sexual reproduction generally leads to inbreeding depression within a population due to the increased prevalence of harmful recessive traits. Animals have evolved numerous mechanisms for avoiding close inbreeding.

Some animals are capable of asexual reproduction, which often results in a genetic clone of the parent. This may take place through fragmentation; budding, such as in Hydra and other cnidarians; or parthenogenesis, where fertile eggs are produced without mating, such as in aphids.

Predators, such as this ultramarine flycatcher (Ficedula superciliaris), feed on other animals.

Animals are categorised into ecological groups depending on their trophic levels and how they consume organic material. Such groupings include carnivores (further divided into subcategories such as piscivores, insectivores, ovivores, etc.), herbivores (subcategorized into folivores, graminivores, frugivores, granivores, nectarivores, algivores, etc.), omnivores, fungivores, scavengers/ detritivores, and parasites. Interactions between animals of each biome form complex food webs within that ecosystem. In carnivorous or omnivorous species, predation is a consumer-resource interaction where the predator feeds on another organism, its prey, who often evolves anti-predator adaptations to avoid being fed upon. Selective pressures imposed on one another lead to an evolutionary arms race between predator and prey, resulting in various antagonistic/ competitive coevolutions. Almost all multicellular predators are animals. Some consumers use multiple methods; for example, in parasitoid wasps, the larvae feed on the hosts' living tissues, killing them in the process, but the adults primarily consume nectar from flowers. Other animals may have very specific feeding behaviours, such as hawksbill sea turtles which mainly eat sponges.

Hydrothermal vent mussels and shrimps

Most animals rely on biomass and bioenergy produced by plants and phytoplanktons (collectively called producers) through photosynthesis. Herbivores, as primary consumers, eat the plant material directly to digest and absorb the nutrients, while carnivores and other animals on higher trophic levels indirectly acquire the nutrients by eating the herbivores or other animals that have eaten the herbivores. Animals oxidize carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and other biomolecules, which allows the animal to grow and to sustain basal metabolism and fuel other biological processes such as locomotion. Some benthic animals living close to hydrothermal vents and cold seeps on the dark sea floor consume organic matter produced through chemosynthesis (via oxidizing inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide) by archaea and bacteria.

Animals evolved in the sea. Lineages of arthropods colonised land around the same time as land plants, probably between 510 and 471 million years ago during the Late Cambrian or Early Ordovician. Vertebrates such as the lobe-finned fish started to move on to land in the late Devonian, about 375 million years ago. Animals occupy virtually all of earth's habitats and microhabitats, with faunas adapted to salt water, hydrothermal vents, fresh water, hot springs, swamps, forests, pastures, deserts, air, and the interiors of other organisms. Animals are however not particularly heat tolerant; very few of them can survive at constant temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F) or in the most extreme cold deserts of continental Antarctica.

The blue whale is the largest animal that has ever lived.

The blue whale ( Balaenoptera musculus) is the largest animal that has ever lived, weighing up to 190 tonnes and measuring up to 33.6 metres (110 ft) long. The largest extant terrestrial animal is the African bush elephant ( Loxodonta africana), weighing up to 12.25 tonnes and measuring up to 10.67 metres (35.0 ft) long. The largest terrestrial animals that ever lived were titanosaur sauropod dinosaurs such as Argentinosaurus, which may have weighed as much as 73 tonnes, and Supersaurus which may have reached 39 meters. Several animals are microscopic; some Myxozoa ( obligate parasites within the Cnidaria) never grow larger than 20 μm, and one of the smallest species ( Myxobolus shekel) is no more than 8.5 μm when fully grown.

Numbers and habitats of major phyla

The following table lists estimated numbers of described extant species for the major animal phyla, along with their principal habitats (terrestrial, fresh water, and marine), and free-living or parasitic ways of life. Species estimates shown here are based on numbers described scientifically; much larger estimates have been calculated based on various means of prediction, and these can vary wildly. For instance, around 25,000-27,000 species of nematodes have been described, while published estimates of the total number of nematode species include 10,000-20,000; 500,000; 10 million; and 100 million. Using patterns within the taxonomic hierarchy, the total number of animal species-including those not yet described-was calculated to be about 7.77 million in 2011.

Evolutionary origin

Evidence of animals is found as long ago as the Cryogenian period. 24-Isopropylcholestane (24-ipc) has been found in rocks from roughly 650 million years ago; it is only produced by sponges and pelagophyte algae. Its likely origin is from sponges based on molecular clock estimates for the origin of 24-ipc production in both groups. Analyses of pelagophyte algae consistently recover a Phanerozoic origin, while analyses of sponges recover a Neoproterozoic origin, consistent with the appearance of 24-ipc in the fossil record.

The first body fossils of animals appear in the Ediacaran, represented by forms such as and . It had long been doubted whether these fossils truly represented animals, but the discovery of the animal lipid cholesterol in fossils of Dickinsonia establishes their nature. Animals are thought to have originated under low-oxygen conditions, suggesting that they were capable of living entirely by anaerobic respiration, but as they became specialized for aerobic metabolism they became fully dependent on oxygen in their environments.

Many animal phyla first appear in the fossil record during the Cambrian explosion, starting about 539 million years ago, in beds such as the Burgess shale. Extant phyla in these rocks include molluscs, brachiopods, onychophorans, tardigrades, arthropods, echinoderms and hemichordates, along with numerous now-extinct forms such as the predatory Anomalocaris. The apparent suddenness of the event may however be an artifact of the fossil record, rather than showing that all these animals appeared simultaneously. That view is supported by the discovery of Auroralumina attenboroughii, the earliest known Ediacaran crown-group cnidarian (557-562 mya, some 20 million years before the Cambrian explosion) from Charnwood Forest, England. It is thought to be one of the earliest predators, catching small prey with its nematocysts as modern cnidarians do.

Some palaeontologists have suggested that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago. Early fossils that might represent animals appear for example in the 665-million-year-old rocks of the Trezona Formation of South Australia. These fossils are interpreted as most probably being early sponges. Trace fossils such as tracks and burrows found in the Tonian period (from 1 gya) may indicate the presence of triploblastic worm-like animals, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earthworms. However, similar tracks are produced by the giant single-celled protist Gromia sphaerica, so the Tonian trace fossils may not indicate early animal evolution. Around the same time, the layered mats of microorganisms called stromatolites decreased in diversity, perhaps due to grazing by newly evolved animals. Objects such as sediment-filled tubes that resemble trace fossils of the burrows of wormlike animals have been found in 1.2 gya rocks in North America, in 1.5 gya rocks in Australia and North America, and in 1.7 gya rocks in Australia. Their interpretation as having an animal origin is disputed, as they might be water-escape or other structures.

External phylogeny

Animals are monophyletic, meaning they are derived from a common ancestor. Animals are the sister group to the choanoflagellates, with which they form the Choanozoa. The dates on the phylogenetic tree indicate approximately how many millions of years ago ( mya) the lineages split.

Ros-Rocher and colleagues (2021) trace the origins of animals to unicellular ancestors, providing the external phylogeny shown in the cladogram. Uncertainty of relationships is indicated with dashed lines.

Internal phylogeny

The most basal animals, the Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and Placozoa, have body plans that lack bilateral symmetry. Their relationships are still disputed; the sister group to all other animals could be the Porifera or the Ctenophora, both of which lack hox genes, which are important for body plan development.

Hox genes are found in the Placozoa, Cnidaria, and Bilateria. 6,331 groups of genes common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single common ancestor that lived 650 million years ago in the Precambrian. 25 of these are novel core gene groups, found only in animals; of those, 8 are for essential components of the Wnt and TGF-beta signalling pathways which may have enabled animals to become multicellular by providing a pattern for the body's system of axes (in three dimensions), and another 7 are for transcription factors including homeodomain proteins involved in the control of development.

Giribet and Edgecombe (2020) provide what they consider to be a consensus internal phylogeny of the animals, embodying uncertainty about the structure at the base of the tree (dashed lines).

An alternative phylogeny, from Kapli and colleagues (2021), proposes a clade Xenambulacraria for the Xenacoelamorpha + Ambulacraria; this is either within Deuterostomia, as sister to Chordata, or the Deuterostomia are recovered as paraphyletic, and Xenambulacraria is sister to the proposed clade Centroneuralia, consisting of Chordata + Protostomia.

Non-bilateria

Non-bilaterians include sponges (centre) and corals (background).

Several animal phyla lack bilateral symmetry. These are the Porifera (sea sponges), Placozoa, Cnidaria (which includes jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals), and Ctenophora (comb jellies).

Sponges are physically very distinct from other animals, and were long thought to have diverged first, representing the oldest animal phylum and forming a sister clade to all other animals. Despite their morphological dissimilarity with all other animals, genetic evidence suggests sponges may be more closely related to other animals than the comb jellies are. Sponges lack the complex organization found in most other animal phyla; their cells are differentiated, but in most cases not organised into distinct tissues, unlike all other animals. They typically feed by drawing in water through pores, filtering out small particles of food.

The comb jellies and Cnidaria are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both mouth and anus. Animals in both phyla have distinct tissues, but these are not organised into discrete organs. They are diploblastic, having only two main germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm.

The tiny placozoans have no permanent digestive chamber and no symmetry; they superficially resemble amoebae. Their phylogeny is poorly defined, and under active research.

Idealised bilaterian body plan.[d] With an elongated body and a direction of movement the animal has head and tail ends. Sense organs and mouth form the basis of the head. Opposed circular and longitudinal muscles enable peristaltic motion.

The remaining animals, the great majority-comprising some 29 phyla and over a million species-form a clade, the Bilateria, which have a bilaterally symmetric body plan. The Bilateria are triploblastic, with three well-developed germ layers, and their tissues form distinct organs. The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is an internal body cavity, a coelom or pseudocoelom. These animals have a head end (anterior) and a tail end (posterior), a back (dorsal) surface and a belly (ventral) surface, and a left and a right side.

Having a front end means that this part of the body encounters stimuli, such as food, favouring cephalisation, the development of a head with sense organs and a mouth. Many bilaterians have a combination of circular muscles that constrict the body, making it longer, and an opposing set of longitudinal muscles, that shorten the body; these enable soft-bodied animals with a hydrostatic skeleton to move by peristalsis. They also have a gut that extends through the basically cylindrical body from mouth to anus. Many bilaterian phyla have primary larvae which swim with cilia and have an apical organ containing sensory cells. However, over evolutionary time, descendant spaces have evolved which have lost one or more of each of these characteristics. For example, adult echinoderms are radially symmetric (unlike their larvae), while some parasitic worms have extremely simplified body structures.

Genetic studies have considerably changed zoologists' understanding of the relationships within the Bilateria. Most appear to belong to two major lineages, the protostomes and the deuterostomes. It is often suggested that the basalmost bilaterians are the Xenacoelomorpha, with all other bilaterians belonging to the subclade Nephrozoa However, this suggestion has been contested, with other studies finding that xenacoelomorphs are more closely related to Ambulacraria than to other bilaterians.

Protostomes and deuterostomes

Protostomes and deuterostomes differ in several ways. Early in development, deuterostome embryos undergo radial cleavage during cell division, while many protostomes (the Spiralia) undergo spiral cleavage. Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract, but in protostomes the first opening of the embryonic gut develops into the mouth, and the anus forms secondarily. In deuterostomes, the anus forms first while the mouth develops secondarily. Most protostomes have schizocoelous development, where cells simply fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm. In deuterostomes, the mesoderm forms by enterocoelic pouching, through invagination of the endoderm.

The main deuterostome phyla are the Echinodermata and the Chordata. Echinoderms are exclusively marine and include starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers. The chordates are dominated by the vertebrates (animals with backbones), which consist of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The deuterostomes also include the Hemichordata (acorn worms).

Ecdysis: a dragonfly has emerged from its dry exuviae and is expanding its wings. Like other arthropods, its body is divided into segments.

The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after their shared trait of ecdysis, growth by moulting. They include the largest animal phylum, the Arthropoda, which contains insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All of these have a body divided into repeating segments, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, the Onychophora and Tardigrada, are close relatives of the arthropods and share these traits. The ecdysozoans also include the Nematoda or roundworms, perhaps the second largest animal phylum. Roundworms are typically microscopic, and occur in nearly every environment where there is water; some are important parasites. Smaller phyla related to them are the Nematomorpha or horsehair worms, and the Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, and Loricifera. These groups have a reduced coelom, called a pseudocoelom.

Spiral cleavage in a sea snail embryo

The Spiralia are a large group of protostomes that develop by spiral cleavage in the early embryo. The Spiralia's phylogeny has been disputed, but it contains a large clade, the superphylum Lophotrochozoa, and smaller groups of phyla such as the Rouphozoa which includes the gastrotrichs and the flatworms. All of these are grouped as the Platytrochozoa, which has a sister group, the Gnathifera, which includes the rotifers.

The Lophotrochozoa includes the molluscs, annelids, brachiopods, nemerteans, bryozoa and entoprocts. The molluscs, the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes snails, clams, and squids, while the annelids are the segmented worms, such as earthworms, lugworms, and leeches. These two groups have long been considered close relatives because they share trochophore larvae.

History of classification

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck led the creation of a modern classification of invertebrates, breaking up Linnaeus's "Vermes" into 9 phyla by 1809.[168]

In the classical era, Aristotle divided animals, based on his own observations, into those with blood (roughly, the vertebrates) and those without. The animals were then arranged on a scale from man (with blood, 2 legs, rational soul) down through the live-bearing tetrapods (with blood, 4 legs, sensitive soul) and other groups such as crustaceans (no blood, many legs, sensitive soul) down to spontaneously generating creatures like sponges (no blood, no legs, vegetable soul). Aristotle was uncertain whether sponges were animals, which in his system ought to have sensation, appetite, and locomotion, or plants, which did not: he knew that sponges could sense touch, and would contract if about to be pulled off their rocks, but that they were rooted like plants and never moved about.

In 1758, Carl Linnaeus created the first hierarchical classification in his Systema Naturae. In his original scheme, the animals were one of three kingdoms, divided into the classes of Vermes, Insecta, Pisces, Amphibia, Aves, and Mammalia. Since then the last four have all been subsumed into a single phylum, the Chordata, while his Insecta (which included the crustaceans and arachnids) and Vermes have been renamed or broken up. The process was begun in 1793 by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, who called the Vermes une espèce de chaos (a chaotic mess) and split the group into three new phyla: worms, echinoderms, and polyps (which contained corals and jellyfish). By 1809, in his Philosophie Zoologique, Lamarck had created 9 phyla apart from vertebrates (where he still had 4 phyla: mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish) and molluscs, namely cirripedes, annelids, crustaceans, arachnids, insects, worms, radiates, polyps, and infusorians.

In his 1817 Le Règne Animal, Georges Cuvier used comparative anatomy to group the animals into four embranchements ("branches" with different body plans, roughly corresponding to phyla), namely vertebrates, molluscs, articulated animals (arthropods and annelids), and zoophytes (radiata) (echinoderms, cnidaria and other forms). This division into four was followed by the embryologist Karl Ernst von Baer in 1828, the zoologist Louis Agassiz in 1857, and the comparative anatomist Richard Owen in 1860.

In 1874, Ernst Haeckel divided the animal kingdom into two subkingdoms: Metazoa (multicellular animals, with five phyla: coelenterates, echinoderms, articulates, molluscs, and vertebrates) and Protozoa (single-celled animals), including a sixth animal phylum, sponges. The protozoa were later moved to the former kingdom Protista, leaving only the Metazoa as a synonym of Animalia.

In human culture

Practical uses

The human population exploits a large number of other animal species for food, both of domesticated livestock species in animal husbandry and, mainly at sea, by hunting wild species. Marine fish of many species are caught commercially for food. A smaller number of species are farmed commercially. Humans and their livestock make up more than 90% of the biomass of all terrestrial vertebrates, and almost as much as all insects combined.

Invertebrates including cephalopods, crustaceans, and bivalve or gastropod molluscs are hunted or farmed for food. Chickens, cattle, sheep, pigs, and other animals are raised as livestock for meat across the world. Animal fibres such as wool are used to make textiles, while animal sinews have been used as lashings and bindings, and leather is widely used to make shoes and other items. Animals have been hunted and farmed for their fur to make items such as coats and hats. Dyestuffs including carmine ( cochineal), shellac, and kermes have been made from the bodies of insects. Working animals including cattle and horses have been used for work and transport from the first days of agriculture.

Animals such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster serve a major role in science as experimental models. Animals have been used to create vaccines since their discovery in the 18th century. Some medicines such as the cancer drug trabectedin are based on toxins or other molecules of animal origin.

A gun dog retrieving a duck during a hunt

People have used hunting dogs to help chase down and retrieve animals, and birds of prey to catch birds and mammals, while tethered cormorants have been used to catch fish. Poison dart frogs have been used to poison the tips of blowpipe darts. A wide variety of animals are kept as pets, from invertebrates such as tarantulas, octopuses, and praying mantises, reptiles such as snakes and chameleons, and birds including canaries, parakeets, and parrots all finding a place. However, the most kept pet species are mammals, namely dogs, cats, and rabbits. There is a tension between the role of animals as companions to humans, and their existence as individuals with rights of their own.

A wide variety of terrestrial and aquatic animals are hunted for sport.

Symbolic uses

The signs of the Western and Chinese zodiacs are based on animals. In China and Japan, the butterfly has been seen as the personification of a person's soul, and in classical representation the butterfly is also the symbol of the soul.

Artistic vision: Still Life with Lobster and Oysters by Alexander Coosemans, c. 1660

Animals have been the subjects of art from the earliest times, both historical, as in ancient Egypt, and prehistoric, as in the cave paintings at Lascaux. Major animal paintings include Albrecht Dürer's 1515 The Rhinoceros, and George Stubbs's c. 1762 horse portrait Whistlejacket. Insects, birds and mammals play roles in literature and film, such as in giant bug movies.

References

External links

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia (). With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, have myocytes and are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development. Animals form a clade, meaning that they arose from a single common ancestor.

# data[].attributes.body
I choose this topic because I always found drones interesting and fun . a drone is a flying robot that can be remotely controlled or fly autonomously using software-controlled flight plans in its embedded systems.

# data[].attributes.body
This has been a hot topic these past couple years due to a crazy amount of mass shootings. Compared to most other countries, the United States consistently experiences a disproportionately high rate of gun violence.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this topic because it stood out to me when i was scrolling through the gale list.

Club drugs or also known as party drugs they are often used at parties,bars,concerts,etc these drugs make a person alter their consciousness and perception to elevate users energy levels basically making them really hyper. Most club drugs are taken by high schooler's

# data[].attributes.body
This topic intersted me because its something i struggled with and also kinda agreed with it. This topic is about how homework and how kids struggle or how its been around for alot of time.

# data[].attributes.headline
Anthony Ambriz (Global Warming and Climate Change)

# data[].attributes.subject
Anthony Ambriz (Global Warming and Climate Change)

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this topic because I want to learn more about Global Warming and Climate change and the effects it has on the environment and earth.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this topic because it seems pretty interesting. This topic talks about the trade with drugs. This involves cultivation, manufacture, transportation, importation, distribution, and sales. Certain types of drugs like heroin, marijuana, cocaine, and meth (Breaking Bad reference) are mostly involved within the trade. The article talks about how and when drug trafficking started.

# data[].attributes.body
I choose to do oceans because I find them very interesting and because I like going to the beach.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this topic because I was interested in learning more about modern day cars and the pros and cons that come with driving them.

# data[].attributes.body
I dont really agree with anything related to Gun Violence because I believe there is many ways to solve problems without guns. Some peoples point of view is if theyre in danger they can use it to protect themselves which then I can understand.

# data[].attributes.body
I agreed with one phrase about the article and that was that party drugs make a party a better experience

# data[].attributes.body
I agree that drones could be used for good reasons like looking for something,people or look around your house for safety.

# data[].attributes.body
I selected this topic because sometimes I go hunting, and yes of course I eat what I hunt for. I also chose this subject because a lot of people think hunting is bad. While others just see hunting as food and a way to survive.

# data[].attributes.body
While looking through the topics one caught my eye. "Hate Groups", I know this topic well and feel this is an important one that more should know about as to why I will research it and look more into it. In this article it states how hate groups became and the history of hate groups and what hate groups are, hate groups is an organization that has beliefs or practices that attack an entire group of people, based on their characteristics. Such  characteristics include Race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, and gender identity. These groups have been happening for such a long time and has shown there are at least around 900 hate groups and many of these do hate crimes just because they see someone different.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this topic because i love paranormal activity and it is a very interesting thing to talk about and learn more about.

# data[].attributes.body
Gun violence I completely dont agree with. I think we should get rid of guns as a whole besides with cops so we dont have this problem. Without guns there would be no mass shootings.

# data[].attributes.body
I agreed with the majority of the article with things like zoo's and aquariums both being places that family's like to visit to see some of they're favorite animals and creatures being things that I agreed with, or that these places don't just serve as heavens for these animals some being endangered but also educational places to help current and future generations see the beauties of these creatures but also how we need to solve the problems we have solved. Like I said I agreed with most of the article if not all of it.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this topic because it has affected someone from my family and my relationship with them. I am very interested in learning more about it and how it had affected people after long-time use.

# data[].attributes.body
I agree with this topic because people need to eat. How else do we eat our meats? Hunting is a form of survival. There is a limit and places where you can't hunt for multiplpe reason. But I agree with this because people who grew up agaist hunting, find hunting as a hobby to eat and even just to have something on their table.

# data[].attributes.body
some reasons I disagree with drones is that sometimes the owner could invade your privacy or they could be dangerous if you don't know how to use drones correctly.

# data[].attributes.body
I agree that oceans are essential to life because they cover more than 71% of the Earth. The oceans are also essential because 80% of stuff gets transported through ocean routes

# data[].attributes.body
A part in the article i disagree is where club drugs are sometimes used as medical drugs. I think this is a bad idea because it can be very addictive.

# data[].attributes.headline
Abraham Luz (Electric and hybrid electric vehicles and cars)

# data[].attributes.subject
Abraham Luz (Electric and hybrid electric vehicles and cars)

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this topic because i find interesting.I would like a electric car one day.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this topic because self driving cars have been increasing in the market lately especially because the gas prices have increased, so a'lot of people are buying electric cars so they don't waste money on gas

# data[].attributes.headline
Anthony Ambriz (Global Warming and Climate Change)

# data[].attributes.subject
Anthony Ambriz (Global Warming and Climate Change)

# data[].attributes.body
I agree with the idea of finding substitutes for fossil fuels and I agree with the idea of switching to renewable energy sources like wind and solar energy.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this topic because I like video games and remember writing an argumentative essay on video games and remembering that there are a lot of different opinions on them. This topic is about how video games have benefits and also raise concern among people, which I understand why some people would be concerned but I don think games can cause such actions and rather have more of a beneficial impact.

# data[].attributes.body
I disagree with this because sometimes people abuse their right to hunt and over hunt purposely. Some people can go out and hunt for certain animals that aren't suppose to be hunted for, but this is why there are hunting rules.

# data[].attributes.body
I agreed with how self driving cars could reduce the amount of car accidents caused by driver distraction, driver impairment, and human error. In 2020 over thirty eight thousand Americans died in car accidents. According to studies it is estimated that self driving cars could reduce traffic fatalities by up to 94 percent.

# data[].attributes.body
I agree that Racism is a flaw in people that can be changed by changing their attitudes. Not being racist doesn't make you antiracist, you must actively support antiracist causes and try to come up with antiracist ideas.

# data[].attributes.body
Something new I learned is there has 246 mass shootings in America this year alone and I find that crazy. This just prooves my point without guns this world would be a lot better and safer place. In my opinion we should put an end to all guns besides with officers and the shootings will come to an end

# data[].attributes.body
Maybe the drugs they are trafficking can be used for healing injuries and making everyday items. You can use marijuana and turn it into soap.

# data[].attributes.body
I didn't really disagree with anything the article said but I did disagree with some of the things said in the article if that makes sense. Like I disagreed with the fact that "roughly one thousand threatened or endangered species are being protected and nurtured within its member institutions." Or with the fact that "Zoos and aquariums collectively spend more than $220 million annually to support conservation initiatives such as research studies on the sustainability needs of animal groups and programs to release species back into their natural habitats." That's because I feel that it's wrong that these privately owned zoo's are paying for these issues and not everybody in the world because we all caused these problems so we in my opinion should all do our part in paying for it. So I disagreed with the things said not that the facts were wrong if that helps.

# data[].attributes.body
Something that wasnt in the article but that I disgaree with is people littering and all the plastic and stuff in the ocean.

# data[].attributes.body
With substance abuse, there isn't really much that I could agree with. The only time I think that drugs would be okay would be when they are prescribed to you by a doctor and you have retrieved them from a pharmacy. I can also agree with the use of marijuana. It is an addictive drug but isn't anything compared to others that are way worse.

# data[].attributes.body
I learned that club drugs are bad for you but also good if you're trying to have a good time at a party. Overall these are still bad for the human brain/body.

# data[].attributes.body
Something I learned is that oceans help regulate the weather and that the oceans absorb nearly one third of carbon dioxide

# data[].attributes.body
what I learned about drones is that,They were developed by the military,Model airplanes are also considered drones,Footage delivered by drones can be legally used, and police don't need a warranty to use a drone

# data[].attributes.body
I agree with this because self-driving cars could be a good use especially if some people aren't paying attention to the road the car can just automatically stop.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this topic because I just wanted to see different pros and cons of plagiarism since it's kind of described as a sort of "bad thing" rather than a good thing.

# data[].attributes.body
Only thing I disagree with is that self driving vehicles could possibly make a higher increase in air pollution, I think they are more environment friendly than gas powered cars and that it´ll be somewhat safer for the environment.

# data[].attributes.body
I learned that the word hunting means, "the tracking, trapping, or killing of wild animals." for some people. Even though hunting is mainly for food. I also learned that "According to a national five-year survey conducted by the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), in 2016, approximately 11.5 million engaged in recreational hunting. Approximately 9.2 million of those hunters engaged in big game hunting, or the hunting of large animals such as bear, wild turkey, deer, elk, and moose"

# data[].attributes.headline
Abraham Luz (Electric vehicles and hybrid cars and vehicles) 

# data[].attributes.subject
Abraham Luz (Electric vehicles and hybrid cars and vehicles) 

# data[].attributes.body
I agree on how the electric cars reduce carbon emissions and can help the environment.I also like how these cars are made

# data[].attributes.body
Biofuels are alternative fuels to things like gasoline or oil that uses renewable energy such as vegetable oil, and water. And the reason I was enticed to do this topic was because lately I have been interested in how much pollution I and the people around me do. So I thought that doing more research in this subject would be great.

# data[].attributes.body
i agree with some of these reasons of why homework can or is good because it can provide more practice, it can improve there academic performence and it also teaches them time mangement skills and self dicispline. which helps them spend more time understanding and learing more things.

# data[].attributes.body
What I agree about Biofuels is that it creates a better alternative to other fuels such as gasoline, which not only pollutes the sky but it pollutes water as well, killing both animals and nearby wildlife. Also the fact that it is renewable means that there is more energy theory and it can't run out, such as water. Something I like about the fact that biofuels are being more put on a podiun, for what we need is that more effort is put into educating people about the cost of fuels like gasoline does to our planet, which makes people more self aware.

# data[].attributes.body
automated vehicles could cause people to drive more than they currently do, leading to more congestion and energy consumption and pollution.

# data[].attributes.body
I don't agree with saying that corporations have done more than enough to support anti-racism and that it is up to the people to change. You can't force change because it is a process but I feel that nothing has been done to bring change about how racial inequality is alive presently everywhere.

# data[].attributes.body
The main reason people suggest Biofuels is that it's better for the environment, causes less climate change and causes less damage to the environment. But it takes a huge amount of water, which can not only pollute surface water but the water that's also underground. Then you have some forms of biofuels that have the potential to create more greenhouse gas emissions than fuels that are already used, because more effort is needed to make the same amount of energy from those fuels to equal the amount of energy things like gasoline make.

# data[].attributes.body
What I learned is that self driving cars could reduce the amount of car accidents caused by driver distraction, driver impairment, and human error. I also learned that it can reduce the amount of car accidents by 94 percent.

# data[].attributes.body
Something I agree with in this article is, that these hate groups need to be stopped and put an end to it. I completely agree with this statement, hate groups cause violence to people just because of their characteristics which is completely unfair, most of the time it wasn't their fault they were born with it. This brings fear to many people because they feel they can't be who they are without someone threatening to hurt and even kill them. This shows just how broken this world truly is.

# data[].attributes.body
I disagree with importing certain drugs that don't help with anything besides messing with it. It could probably mess you up/kill you.

# data[].attributes.headline
Abraham Luz(Electric vehicles and hybrid cars and vehicles)

# data[].attributes.subject
Abraham Luz(Electric vehicles and hybrid cars and vehicles)

# data[].attributes.body
The only thing i disagree with is how it can cost a lot of money to make these cars and how much money and space it will take with the charging stations.

# data[].attributes.body
Gambling is where you place bets on a random event in the hopes of winning a prize. It requires the bettor to take a risk in exchange for the chance of profit. State-run lotteries, for example, are legalized gambling enterprises that allow participants to buy a ticket in exchange for a chance to win money.

# data[].attributes.body
No, I did not really learn anything new I just found out more of the specifics of what I knew already like that zoo's and aquariums spend more than $220 million dollars yearly for supporting conservation initiatives like the research studies on the sustainability needs of animal groups and programs to release species back into their natural habitats or homes.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
How many animals are in the world?

There are currently around 8.7 million species of animals in the world. The number is rapidly increasing as we traverse and study every nook and corner of the earth. Of these, around 1.3 million have been formally identified and cataloged. The remaining 7.4 million animal species are still waiting to be discovered by man.

Animals come in various shapes and sizes, with different characteristics suited to their respective environments. Some live in water, some on land, some in trees, and some underground. They range from the tiniest of insects to the mightiest of mammals. Each animal has a role to play in its ecosystem and is essential for the health of the environment.

Biodiversity is the variety of life on earth. It is also important because it provides stability to ecosystems. If all the animals in an ecosystem are the same, any change or disturbance could cause the whole system to collapse. But because there is such a great diversity of species, any one species can go extinct without causing too much harm to the ecosystem.

Read: Farm Animals | Definition, Examples & Characteristics

Here is a list of all the animals in the world.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A-Z List of All the Animals in the World

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
There are currently around 8.7 million species of animals in the world. The number is rapidly increasing as we traverse and study every nook and corner of the earth. Of these, around 1.3 million have been formally identified and cataloged. The remaining 7.4 million animal species are still waiting to be discovered by man.

# data[].attributes.headline
Anthony Ambriz (Global Warming and Climate Change) 

# data[].attributes.subject
Anthony Ambriz (Global Warming and Climate Change) 

# data[].attributes.body
I disagree with the president at the time's choice to pull out of the Paris Agreement because America uses a lot of fossil fuels and is a major contributor to producing greenhouse gasses.

# data[].attributes.headline
Abraham Luz(Electric vehicles and hybrid cars and vehicles)

# data[].attributes.subject
Abraham Luz(Electric vehicles and hybrid cars and vehicles)

# data[].attributes.body
I learned how the engine and car are made.I also learned how it can affect the environment

# data[].attributes.body
After this research I have learned that biofuels are not black and white, and that just like almost everything else in life it's not solely good or bad. And that it depends on a multitude of factors and causes, because yes I know that it is supposed to be better for the environment, but if you do more research you realize how much extra work is needed to make the same amount of energy you need to equal gas.

# data[].attributes.body
I learned that self-driving cars could reduce the number of accidents, and could have potential to reduce risky and dangerous drive behaviors.

# data[].attributes.body
I learned that big gang organizations are involved with drug trafficking. Little gangs are also involved with drug trafficking.

# data[].attributes.body
I learned that just because you aren't racist it doesn't make you and anti-racist because you must actively put in work to better the world and put an end to racial inequality. This personally affects me as a person of color because racially motivated attacks still occur today. The buffalo shooting was an example of a racially motivated terrorist attack that led to the deaths of many black individuals.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this topic because i was interested on why people drunk drive and still decide to drive when their drunk.

# data[].attributes.body
I disagree with the idea of some programs helping users and their journey to getting clean. Someone who was once very close to me and whom I loved with all of my heart is now like a stranger to me because of drugs. For some time he did attend a therapy/rehab center and still has continued to do the same habits that he did before. I feel as thought the place he went to didn't even try to do anything to give him steps to going back to a normal life and giving love back to those who care the most for them.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Gun violence is very bad especially since there is many school shootings and many people die every year do to gun violence.  

# data[].attributes.body
I choose this topic because I already feel very pasionate about it. I belive the topic of fast fasion is so layered and ofter people take a stance on it without peeling back those layers.

Fast Fasion " refers to a business model in which branded clothing producers respond quickly to emerging styles and trends by introducing new apparel collections on compact cycles."

# data[].attributes.body
I selected this topic while scrolling because I feel Drunk Driving and Driving Under the Influence is a very strong and heavy topic on today's people. Just Drunk driving alone is equating to an average of one death every forty-eight minutes or almost 11,000 fatalities per year.

# data[].attributes.headline
Anthony Ambriz (Global Warming and Climate Change)

# data[].attributes.subject
Anthony Ambriz (Global Warming and Climate Change)

# data[].attributes.body
I learned that solar energy can give us more energy than we need but the problem is how pricey it is to create solar panels. I wanted to learn more about what countries are doing to prevent the climate to warming up any more than it already has.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
i agree that we need guns to protect our families and ad loved ones, also ourselves and also from intruders. Believe in the 2nd amendment

# data[].attributes.body
i do agree that having scientific proof for these phenomena is pretty difficult to get on camera/ recorded.

# data[].attributes.body
From this article I have learned that almost all users have similar traits once they start using. In 2021, around 100,000 people passed away due to drug abuse. There is a percentage of about 6.6 percent of Americans that are over the age of twelve had an illicit drug use disorder in 2020. it feels like we aren't doing anything to help these people. Even though they've chosen to use drugs doesn't mean we can't help them and save their lives.

# data[].attributes.body
This topic is about athletes and use of both performance enhancing drugs and of recreational drugs.

# data[].attributes.body
I agree that video games can have some negative impacts like video games addictions and then that leading to health problems, but there are also many positives that come from it like improving cognitive, emotional, motivational, and social skills. Playing video games can also improve patience and reinforce skills for resilience due to having to keep trying and trying after not passing a level. It can also keep one busy and out of trouble while there is nothing to do and be a way to be social with friends

# data[].attributes.body
Something I disagree with is the people who think SPLC( Southern Poverty Law Center) was doing the wrong thing. SPLC helps get rid of these hate groups and people out there says they are doing the wrong thing and thinks SPLC is a bad thing.

# data[].attributes.body
i disagree with students having homework because homework takes too much time which leads to kids being frustraded and stressed and it also means less time for their usal life activites and less time to spend with family for example in this article it states  ¨However, parents often complain that teachers underestimate time requirements for the average student. Assignments that routinely take longer than the estimated amount of time can frustrate parents and children, potentially undermining students' enthusiasm for learning" so this also becomes a problem to parents. although homework can be good , too much of it can increase the risk of disengagement. so it kinda stops them from wanting to learn getting bored and stressed.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this because when i went to school in Los Angeles we had to wear school uniforms i don't remember the actual price but they weren't  that cheap but it really was not that bad wearing them .

in 1987 three schools in Baltimore became the first schools to enforce uniforms . schools uniforms are different from school dress codes where the dress code is rules about certain clothing the students cannot wear . And the uniforms are clothing that students are required to wear .

# data[].attributes.body
Something I agree with in this article is that an average of one death every forty-eight minutes or almost 11,000 fatalities per year happens because of drunk driving.

# data[].attributes.body
I do not agree with Drunk Driving at all. Drunk Driving is very tragic and has a very negative impact on people lives.

# data[].attributes.body
I do agree that the use of PEDs is considered cheating. And that when high public professional athletes use these drugs that it can influence younger athletes.

# data[].attributes.body
i did learn some new things like that some parents didnt like homework and didnt want their kids to spend so much time. And how it can help with mangegment time skills.

# data[].attributes.body
I disagree that we will only give a few classes how to use a weapon and how to use it, and not have a full background check on the certain person buying it and have an annunal check.

# data[].attributes.body
One thing i disagree with is people dismissing clear paranormal activity for something else.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
I learned that in America many people can buy a gun without a check and the classes just show how to use a weapon

# data[].attributes.body
I disagree that video games cause violence and cause children/people to misbehave. There has proven to be no link between aggressive behavior and violence chained to video games, yet people still link violence/bad behavior with video games, in my opinion its more linked to how the person is and not related to video games.

# data[].attributes.body
I don't disagree with anything from this article.

# data[].attributes.body
I one part i agree about school uniforms is that you dont have worry about what you are gonna wear the next day as you wear a uniform. And also no can really judge you about your clothes .

# data[].attributes.body
What I learned from this article is more things about the groups, I learned back in 2019 that there were 900 hate groups which makes me feel sick and I learned about SPLC  (Southern Poverty Law Center) something that helps and puts a stop to all of this.

# data[].attributes.body
When it comes to fast fashion, based on the name definition is pretty self explainatory.
Like the name implies, it is fast, easily accesable, trendy clothing that is set aside from other trendy online boutiques by is insanely affordable price. This cheap price paired with the lightning speed at wich the clothingis produced and ready to purchase allows people of lower socioeconomic standings participate in trends as they are incycle, while staying within their means.

# data[].attributes.body
I disagree with every single thing about drunk driving. People Driving intoxicated is just plain stupid. Putting not only yourself but others in danger is a very selfish. This topic should be nothing but disagreed with.

# data[].attributes.body
Something I disagree with this article is that why don't drunk drivers get sentenced to mandatory prison sentences when they commit a crime.

# data[].attributes.body
I kinda disagree with that you dont have any control what you can wear to school as you are required to wear uniforms daily to school and kinda have no freedom and can face consequences if you dont .

# data[].attributes.body
I learned that video games represent a larger sector of the worlds economy than movies and music. I also learned that the industry is making more money through competitive gaming (esports). What I want to learn more about is how much money can be made from being a game designer, developer, and more inside the gaming industry.

# data[].attributes.body
i learned that the first schools to enforce uniforms were in Baltimore in 1987. I would have never knew that if it werent for the article