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Four African American students from North Carolina A&T State University—Ezell Blair Jr. (now Jibreel Khazan), David Richmond, Franklin McCain, and Joseph McNeil—sat at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, and were refused service. They stayed until the store closed, marking the beginning of the sit-in movement. Despite facing hostility and racial slurs, they remained nonviolent, inspiring future generations.

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The original four students returned with more students joining them. This included women from Bennett College and other students from North Carolina A&T. Their numbers grew to about 20. Their persistence in the face of adversity showcased the power of peaceful protest and unity among diverse groups.

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The number of protesters grew to over 60 students. Media coverage began to increase, bringing national attention to the protest. As the movement gained momentum, it became a focal point for discussions on civil rights and sparked similar actions across the country.

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February 4, 1960 - Expanding to Other Stores

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February 4, 1960 - Expanding to Other Stores

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The sit-in movement expanded to other lunch counters in Greensboro, including S.H. Kress & Co. and other local establishments. The number of participants continued to grow. This expansion demonstrated the widespread discontent with segregation and the determination of young activists to challenge it.

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February 5, 1960 - 300 Students Participate

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February 5, 1960 - 300 Students Participate

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Over 300 students participated in sit-ins at various locations in Greensboro. The protests began to disrupt business and draw more media attention. The sheer number of participants showcased the breadth of support for the cause and put pressure on businesses to reconsider their discriminatory policies.

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February 27, 1960 - Arrests and Solidarity

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February 27, 1960 - Arrests and Solidarity

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45 students were arrested at a sit-in at the Woolworth’s lunch counter, marking the first mass arrests of the movement. The arrests garnered significant media attention and support from the broader community. The willingness of protesters to face arrest underscored their commitment to nonviolent resistance and highlighted the injustice of segregation laws.

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Zinn, Howard. “Feb. 1, 1960: The Greensboro Sit-in Begins.” Zinn Education Project, 25 Apr. 2024, www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/greensboro-sit-in/.

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April 1960 - Formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

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April 1960 - Formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

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Inspired by the Greensboro sit-ins and other similar actions, student leaders from across the country gathered in Raleigh, North Carolina, to form the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), which would become a leading force in the civil rights movement. The establishment of SNCC provided a platform for young activists to coordinate their efforts and advocate for social change on a national scale.

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July 25, 1960 - Woolworth’s Desegregates

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July 25, 1960 - Woolworth’s Desegregates

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After months of protests, Woolworths in Greensboro quietly desegregated its lunch counter. African American employees of the store were the first to be served. This victory demonstrated the power of grassroots activism and served as a catalyst for further desegregation efforts across the country.

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The sit-in movement spread rapidly across the South and other parts of the United States. Thousands of students participated in similar protests, leading to desegregation in numerous establishments. The widespread adoption of sit-ins highlighted the effectiveness of nonviolent resistance as a tool for social change and paved the way for further advancements in civil rights.

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Asmelash, Leah, and Brian Ries. “On This Day 55 Years Ago, America Finally Outlawed Segregation.” CNN, Cable News Network, 2 July 2019, www.cnn.com/2019/07/02/us/civil-rights-act-anniversary-trnd/index.html.

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Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The Greensboro sit-ins and the subsequent protests were instrumental in building the momentum necessary for the passage of this landmark legislation. The passage of the Civil Rights Act represented a significant victory for the civil rights movement and marked a major step forward in the struggle for equality and justice.