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Kai

The Great Plains Indians

The Olmec

The Pueblo Indians

Adrianna

The Incas

The Mississippi Indians

The Inuits

Jaehyung

The California Indians

The Maya

The Aztec

Jina

The Iroquois

The Southeast Indians

The Northwest Indians

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1. Put a pin on the map of the central location of each civilization, with the following information:

1. Name of civilization / culture

2. Approximate year of its existence (what years did it exist?)

3. Brief summary of its chief features (in your OWN WORDS)

1. Economics (agricultural method, hunting and gathering, etc)

2. Chief Technological Achievements

3. Architecture and Housing

4. Traditions (such as Art and Writing)

4. Pictures and Images

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Culture: Iroquois clans are matrilineal and led by women. The Iroquois people held multiple festivals throughout the year, usually in connection with agricultural events. Onondaga, for example, celebrated among others: a Maple Festival, Planting Festival, Strawberry Festival, Green Corn Festival, and Harvest Festival.

Time of existence: 1450 and 1660

Agricultural method: Hill-planting method, (placing several kernels of corn in a hole)

Chief Technological Achievements: Inventing the game of Lacrosse, and steel traps for hunting.

Architecture and Housing: They build the longhouse as they're housing.

Traditions: Iroquois art are deer hide clothing, shoes, bags

(They were done in quillwork, and glass beading) ,two kinds of masks, (Husk face mask made of corn husks; symbolizing corn harvest, and the false face mask, carved from basswood; used in spiritual ceremonies)

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1. Culture: The Northwest Indians lived in group of houses which made social level. They also had slave to work, like other places the slaves did not had any freedom. They also believed in animistic, which means they believe in the existence of spirits and souls in all living, and in some non-living, objects. Also they had a party called Potlatch opened from the rich people.

2. Approximate year of its existence: Nothing known..

3. Economics: Fishing and gathering

4. Chief Technological Achievements: Watercraft were the main technology in the Northwest tribes. Different watercraft were used for different purposes; ( large reinforced boats were used to move people and needed materials, while shorter, narrower boats were used for sea mammal hunting.)

5. Architecture and Housing: Pacific northwestern tribes built plank houses, which were buildings like cabin without windows.

6. Traditions: Crests, spiritual beings, legendary creatures like thunderbirds, along with natural forms like bears, ravens, eagles, whales, were in art such as carving, weaving, sculpture.

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Here is an image of the terraces that the Inca used to farm in.

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Years of Existence

~1200 to 1533 (AD)

Economics

Agriculture

The Inca would get many of their needed resources from the nearby Amazon rainforest. They farmed in terraces, which were made by cutting narrow, level areas of land into the mountainsides they lived in.

Chief Technological Achievements

The Inca were proficient in astronomy. Thus, they were able to create accurate calendars, and they even knew when the equinoxes, winter solstices, and summer solstices were going to take place.

Architecture and Housing

The Inca were able to create huge, long, roads that stretched all over their empire (15,000 miles). They even built architecture with stone blocks that fit perfectly in place with each other. They did not even have to use cement mixture to hold the blocks together.

Traditions

The Inca were polytheistic, meaning that they believed in multiple gods. The most honored was the god Inti, who was also known as the sun god. The Sapa Inca were so respected because they were believed to be descended from Inti.

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1. Culture: First group of people that had chiefdoms (which are families were ranked by social level loyal to the chief)

2. Approximate year of its existence: 1730-1842

3. Economics: grew corn, beans, squash, sunflowers, greens, tobacco, and other crops; They hunted deer with bows and arrows and fished in rivers and in the Gulf of Mexico; gather berries, nuts, and roots in the forest.

4. Chief Technological Achievements: Weaponry for hunting larger animals, cane blowgun, double-weave basketry, fibre-tempered pottery, and certain music.

5. Architecture and Housing: Wattle and Daub houses (Made by weaving river cane and wood into a frame; Roofs made out of grass and bark)

6. Traditions: Mississippians also created complex pottery and arrow points for hunting and trading. (Also known for the most popular art in the Native American; people uses the southeast art as a influence until now days)

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Here is a picture of a Mississippian mound.

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Years of Existence

800 to 1600 (AD)

Economics

Agriculture

At first, the Mississippians hunted deer, elk, bison, fish, and other small animals. They also gathered berries, nuts, and fruit. Later, the Mississippians grew corn, beans, and squash. Corn became especially important for them, as it was a food source that they could easily rely on.

Chief Technological Advancements

The Mississippians created a new type of hoe called the chart hoe. It was made of chart, which is a tough sedimentary rock. Thanks to the chart hoe, they were able to farm crops, especially corn, more easily.

Architecture and Housing

The Mississippians would create mounds made of earth near their homes. The mounds would be used for religious ceremonies and for burials. Some mounds were even 100 feet tall!

Traditions

The Mississippians deeply admired the sun and their ancestors. They also used a variety of materials, such as copper, shells, stones, and wood to make tobacco pipes, weapons to be used in rituals, and other things such as intricately designed headdresses.

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Indians lived in great plains in 10,000 years ago to approximately 1100ce. The climate was harsh and dry, so it was hard to grow rice. They crops like corns to alternate rices. Plains farmers were using steel tools to farm on dry lands. Also, they lived in house made of teepees and animals' hides. Culturally, they followed buffalos, so they moved to another areas. Also, they invaded many contries too. They made artworks with many cloths. Also, they decorate artworks with glass beads from other countries.

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Years of Existence

~1000 to present day (AD)

Economics

Agriculture

The Inuit generally could not farm because they lived in the arctic and subarctic. As a result, they heavily relied on hunting. They hunted caribou, moose, and whales. They also hunted seals, elk, ducks, and walruses. However, they also ate berries and other plants.

Chief Technological Achievements

The Inuit, unlike most other native Americans, had to get almost all of their resources from hunting. They used whale and seal oil to warm up their homes. They even developed snowshoes and toboggans to move around in the snow.

Architecture and Housing

Some of the Inuit would live in circular houses made of blocks of ice called igloos during the winter. Many lived in tents or in homes beneath the ground during the summer.

Traditions

The Inuit had many traditional games that they would play. One such game was the Inuit vocal games, where two woman would try to make a wide range of sounds, high and low. Other games included high-kick and kneel-jump.

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Olmecs lived in 1500 BCE~ 400 BCE. Where olmecs lived, was very humid and hot lowlands. First, olmecs diet was fish and hunt animals. After, they grew crops like corns. They made many artworks like massive monuments, including colossal stone heads, thrones, stela, and statues.

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There were many mountains and deserts. There were highlands, so it was hard for humans to live. Also, the climate was very bad and dry, so there was limited water, so they had to rely heavily on some sources such as water and crops. Also, they were very good at making potteries. Their potteries had special patterns and colorful colors.

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The Maya Civilization

Culture

The Mayan built many of their temples and palaces shaped as stepped pyramid shapes. They also decorated the buildings with elaborate reliefs and inscriptions.

Date of Existence

2000 BC - 1697AD

Economics

Classical period Mayan people’s lifestyle was mainly agriculture. People lived in villages, relying heavily on a combination of mainly corn, beans, squash, and amaranth. Other plants that Mayan farmers domesticated or exploited included cacao, avocado, and breadcrumbs.

Chief Technological Achievements

Mayan used astrological cycles to aid in planting and harvesting and developed two calendars that are as precise as those we use today. The calendar round was based on two overlapping annual cycles: 260 sacred years and 365 secular years. In this system, every 52 years is counted as one cycle, that is a calendar round. After each cycle the calendar is reset like a clock.

Architecture and housing

Features of Maya architecture include multi level elevated platforms, massive step pyramids, corbelled roofing and monumental stairways. The Mayans built huge amounts of temples, palaces, roads, schools, and markets.

Traditions

The Mayans called their rituals costumbre. They use blood for rituals, blood was often part of these Mayan rituals, sometimes obtained by human blood spilling and by animal or human sacrifice.

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The Aztec Civilization

Culture

Aztecs, who lived in Mexico long ago, were known for their detailed religious practices, including sacrifices, and they were very good at farming and building. They also placed a lot of importance on learning and fighting.

Existence

1428-1521

Economics

The Aztecs traded a lot, exchanging things like chocolate, gold, and clay pots with other places. They had big markets in their cities where people could buy and sell different items. This trading helped their economy grow.

Chief technological achievement of aztec

The Aztecs major technological achievement was the creation of chinampas which allowed them to farm on water.

Architecture and housing

The Aztecs built temples, pyramids, and palaces in their capital, Tenochtitlan, and developed water systems like aqueducts. Common people lived in simple mid houses with straw roofs. Nobles usually lived in bigger stone houses with decorations.

Traditions

The Aztecs had ceremonies and sacrifices for their gods, celebrated with festivals and saw war as sacred. They taught all children about their culture and important skills to keep their society strong.

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California Indians

Culture

California Indians, from different tribes like the Chumash and Miwok, adapted to their environments by either fishing or hunting and were deeply connected to nature in their daily and spiritual lives.

Approximate year

13000 years ago

Economics

California Indians traded items like shells and stones, and they hunted, fished, and gathered foods like nuts and plants to support their communities.

Chief Technological Achievements

California Indians were experts at making baskets, using different weaving techniques to create strong and often waterproof items. These baskets were used for cooking, storing items

Architecture and housing

California Indians built their homes from what was around them like coastal tribes, inland tribes used bark, and desert tribes used brush.

Tradition

California Indians practiced traditions like weaving baskets, holding dance festivals, storytelling, and making art and pottery.