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The Tulsa Race Massacre was a two-day long white supremacist terrorist massacre that took place between May 31, 1921 and June 1, 1921. It was one of the most infamous race massacres in history and occurred when an angry white mob invaded and burned down a prosperous neighborhood in Tulsa, OK, known as Greenwood. It started when the mob attempted to lynch Dick Rowland, a Black teenager who was falsely accused of trying to rape a White elevator operator. The massacre killed hundreds of residents, burned more than 1,250 homes, and erased years of Black history. The Tulsa Race Massacre reveals the long history of Black violence in America.

EQ: During the Civil Rights Movement, Black Americans fought for political and civil rights. Around the time of the 1920 presidential election, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which worked toward the abolition of segregation and discrimination in housing, education, employment, and voting, made appraisals surrounding Black disenfranchisement and the white mob violence, such as the Tulsa Race Massacre. Black Americans achieved their goals to an extent, as many White Americans today are unaware of or intentionally neglect the widespread cruelties committed against Blacks people in America.

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The Nation of Islam was a significant organization during the Civil Rights Movement. It was founded in the 1930s and gained prominence in the 1960s. Led by figures like Malcolm X, the Nation of Islam advocated for black empowerment, and separation from white society. It played a crucial role in raising awareness about racial injustice and inspiring many African Americans to fight for their rights.

A significant event that made the Nation of Islam important during the Civil Rights Movement was the Million Man March in 1995. Organized by Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan, the march aimed to promote unity, self-improvement, and social justice among African American men. It drew hundreds of thousands of participants and highlighted the influence and impact of the Nation of Islam in mobilizing and empowering the black community. The march symbolized the organization's continued relevance

EQ: What did Black Americans fight for during the Civil Rights Movement and to what extent did they achieve their goals?

Black Americans fought for various rights and freedoms, including an end to racial segregation, voting rights, equal access to education, and an end to systemic discrimination.

In achieving their goals, the Civil Rights Movement made significant strides towards racial equality. The efforts of activists, including those associated with the Nation of Islam, led to landmark legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. These laws helped tear down segregation and protected the voting rights of African Americans.

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Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) - 1942 Lexi H. 

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Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) - 1942 Lexi H. 

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Founded in 1942 by an interracial group of students, CORE was a pioneering organization through non-violent action as a means of combating racial discrimination. The organization thrived most during the civil rights period in the 50s and 60s when members worked alongside significant figures of the movement such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

They also worked with organizations such as the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in projects advocating for an integrated education and against discriminatory voting practices.

Following the death of Dr. King, CORE began focusing its efforts on creating a strong sense of black separatism, in other words, racial solidarity within the Black community highlighting a shared goal to uplift one another through a shared racial identity.

Organizations like CORE represent the relentless fight among Black Americans during the Civil Rights movement for equal opportunity and adhesion to the integrity of the American Dream. CORE lasting well after Dr. King's death with a new message shows that the organization was successful to a large extent in moving the movement forward and continuing its successes.

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Racial segregation in the armed forces was essentially abolished when on July 26, 1948, President Harry Truman signed Executive Order 9981 which created the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Service. This required the desegregation of the US military. This was significant because the military employed an abundance of people in the nation and its integration provided a model for other organizations and parts of society

The order served as an example of the nation's progress toward racial equality, which fueled the Civil Rights Movement. It motivated activists and gave rise to various additional civil rights movements, such as those aimed at desegregating public spaces like schools and transit.

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Malcolm X was a powerful advocate for the rights and empowerment of African Americans during the Civil Rights Movement. He spoke out against racial injustice, promoted self-defense, and emphasized the importance of black pride and self-determination. His ideas challenged the nonviolent approach of other civil rights leaders, and he played a significant role in raising awareness about systemic racism and inequality. Malcolm X's legacy continues to inspire people to fight for equality and justice.

An important event in Malcolm X's life was his famous speech at the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem, New York, on February 21, 1965. This speech, known as "The Ballot or the Bullet," highlighted his shift towards a more political approach to the Civil Rights Movement. In it, he emphasized the importance of black empowerment, self-defense, and political engagement. This event showcased Malcolm X's growing influence and his commitment to fighting for equality and justice.

EQ: What did Black Americans fight for during the Civil Rights Movement and to what extent did they achieve their goals?

. Black Americans fought for various rights and freedoms, including an end to racial segregation, voting rights, equal access to education, and an end to systemic discrimination. Malcolm X, as a prominent figure in the movement, advocated for black empowerment, self-defense, and challenging white supremacy.

- Achieving their goals, the Civil Rights Movement made significant progress. The activists helped bring attention to racial inequality and pushed for legislative changes. Important achievements include the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which provided legal protections against discrimination and expanded voting rights for African Americans.

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"Students and their parents who initiated the landmark Civil Rights lawsuit 'Brown V Board of Education,' Topeka, Kansas, 1953, Pictured are, front row, from left, students, Vicki Henderson, Donald Henderson, Linda Brown James Emanuel, Nancy Todd, and Katherine Carper; back row, from left, parents Zelma Henderson, Oliver Brown, Sadie Emanuel, Lucinda Todd, and Lena Carper. (Photo by Carl Iwasaki/The LIFE Images Collection via Getty Images)"

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Brown v. Board of Education (1954)- Ruby W

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Brown v. Board of Education (1954)- Ruby W

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On May 17, 1954, a defining mark in the history of the United States was made. On that day, the Supreme Court of Justices declared the legal doctrine of “separate but equal” unconstitutional/inherently unequal as it violated the Fourteenth Amendment/equal protection clause. In this case, the plaintiffs were families of African American Children in Topeka, Kansa who were denied access or mission to white schools. The NAACP Legal Defense Fund (LDF), an American organization combating racial justice and utilizing their legal advocacy in the Supreme Court would soon be involved and have a monumental involvement within this case and its verdict. After the unanimous decision, this defining moment of history, they handed the NAACP (LDF) its most celebrated victory in its documented history. It is essential to know, that the Supreme Court’s unanimous decision (9-0) in the Brown vs Board of Education occurred after a hard-fought, multi-year campaign to persuade all nine justices to overturn the legal doctrine “separate but equal” that their predecessors had endorsed in the Court’s infamous 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision. The 1985 Plessy v. Ferguson, a second case to combat the social segregation and the political strife in the United States did not get the verdict hoped for by many African Americans; however, it acted as a catalyst for future cases like Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Plessy v. Ferguson laid the ultimate groundwork for the desegregation of public schools across the United States. The Brown v. Board of Education case had a lasting impact on the United States, it was also a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement. Identifying shifts in legal and social attitudes towards segregation. By no means did the aftermath of this case thoroughly end “all” segregation in schools or areas of the United States. Many areas of the country remained resistant to desegregation. “It took years of legal battles, activism, and federal intervention to enforce the principles established by Brown v. Board of Education and dismantle segregation in education and other spheres of public life.”

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Brown v. Board of Education II(Brown II) 1955- Ruby W

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Brown v. Board of Education II(Brown II) 1955- Ruby W

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Following the decision of the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board II, the aftermath of this case led to the desegregation of graduate and professional schools in 1950, many Black children continued to be denied admission to white elementary and high schools under state laws either permitting or requiring segregation. The decision of the court lacked clarity, and failed to provide guidelines, on how to formally desegregate all-white schools. This confusion led to challenges and chaos regarding how to correctly implement segregation measures. On May 31, 1955, Warren read the Court's unanimous decision, now referred to as Brown II, instructing the states to begin desegregation plans "with all deliberate speed." The vague language and ambiguity of “With all deliberate speed” lead to many people interpreting it differently and up for debate. Gradually, many civil rights organizations like the NAACP/LDF continued to push for clearer decisions on desegregation in schools. Which led to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Supreme Court’s decision in Green v. County School(1968).

EQ: What did Black Americans fight for during the Civil Rights Movement and to what extent did they achieve their goals?

Throughout the entirety of the Civil Rights Movement the underlying topic of what Marginalized African Americans were fighting for was equality. Time after time, Civil rights activists and organization groups pushed and forced for equality in various work fields: underfunded school systems, political fields, work fields, and even places like restaurants and water fountains. Civil rights organizations like NAACP/LDF enforced equality within all fields for African Americans; however, I identified that there is still various amounts of work to be done to enforce equality and diversity for underprivileged communities.

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The lynching of Emmett Till occurred on August 28, 1955. Emmet Till was a 14 year-old African American teenager accused of offending a white woman, Carolyn Bryant, in her family’s grocery store. While visiting his relatives in Mississippi, Emmet Till went to the Bryant store with his cousins, and may have whistled at Carolyn Bryant. As a result, Carolyn’s husband, Roy Bryant, and brother-in-law, J.W. Milan abducted, tortured, and brutally murdered Emmet, dumping his body in the Tallahatchie River. The lynching of Emmett Till was a spark in upsurge of activism and resistance that became known as the Civil Rights Movement. The sight of his brutalized body urged many content bystanders directly into the brawl and fight for justice.

EQ: During the Civil Rights Movement, Black Americans fought against harsh racial segregation that excluded them from everyday recreations such as schools, buses, restaurants, bathrooms, and water fountains. Overall, the Civil Rights Movement was successful in achieving its goals fighting against segregation. One of the major events that helped achieve this was the Montgomery Bus Boycott which took place from 1955-1956.

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Montgomery Bus Boycott - Dec 5, 1955- Dec 20, 1956 Lexi H.

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Montgomery Bus Boycott - Dec 5, 1955- Dec 20, 1956 Lexi H.

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Sparked by the arrest of Rosa Parks in 1955 consequent to her refusal to succumb to public transportation segregation, the Montgomery Bus Boycott arose as a protest against the laws requiring Black people to give up their white counterparts and sit in the back. Protesters developed an alternative to public transportation by organizing carpools or walking to their destinations, and through this eventually gained attention from public officials. In the following year, segregation on buses was marked unconstitutional.

The Montgomery Bus Boycott highlighted the fight for the right to equally accessible public transportation and the Supreme Court's decision to deem the segregation as unconstitutional showed that their fight's goals were achieved.

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The SCLC, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, was established on January 10, 1957, to regulate and guide nonviolent protest groups throughout the South. The group drew from the independence of the Black churches to support their protest led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The very first records of the SCLC goes back to the Montgomery Bus Boycot in 1955 by Rosa Parks. The group strived to be open to all people no matter the race, religion, gender, or any background. This aspect made them stronger as a group and is one of the reasons they are still alive and going today. The SCLC was built off of the backs of the Black Churches in the south, seeing as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was their president and a christian minister.

EQ:

Through the SCLC Black Americans had a platform to speak, and take nonviolent actions against the laws and policies that discriminated them.

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Stokely Carmichael - Ava F. June 29, 1941- November 15, 1998

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Stokely Carmichael - Ava F. June 29, 1941- November 15, 1998

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(June 29, 1941- November 15, 1998).

Civil rights activist, Stokely Carmichael, was a West-Indian man who led Black nationalism inside the USA. He is well known for his creation of the "Black Power" slogan and movement. As an immigrant in New York (the North), he lived in the Bronx and later attended Howard University. In the 1960s he became part of the "Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee" and was a "Freedom Rider". As a Freedom Rider, Stokely Carmichael traveled into the South fighting against segregation laws. He faced jail time for this involvement

in the South further showing the challenges faced by Black activists during this time. Stokely Carmichael was important to the civil rights movement because of his "Black Power" movement and all his efforts in supporting Black America. "Black Power" movements helped Black Americans with self-defense, economic prosperity, and racial pride. This is one of his great contributions to the Civil Rights movement.

Essential Question Answer:

Black Americans like Stokely Carmichael fought during the Civil Rights Movement by putting themselves into the heart of the South to directly effect the segregation issues they faced. He also founded movements that helped Black Americans during this troublesome time. Stokely Carmichael helped America achieve their goals of abolishing legalized segregation.

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The Greensboro sit-in was started on February 1, 1960, by four black students attending North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University. The four men sat at a segregated lunch counter at a local Woolworths after buying snacks at the establishment keeping their receipts out as proof. The police were called but could not move the students because they had a receipt that proved they were customers. This protest inspired the SNCC to do a bigger protest with the same concepts later on. The teens were inspired by peaceful protesters like Gandhi.

EQ:

The Greensboro sit-ins fought for the end of segregation in stores, schools, and the public. They achieved their goals in the end of segregation.

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Greensboro sit-in, act of nonviolent protest against a segregated lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, that began on February 1, 1960. Its success led to a wider sit-in movement, organized primarily by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), that spread throughout the South.

© UPI/Bettmann/Corbis

The sit-in was organized by Ezell Blair, Jr. (later Jibreel Khazan), Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeil, and David Richmond-all African Americans and all students at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University in Greensboro. Influenced by the nonviolent protest techniques of Mohandas Gandhi and the Journey of Reconciliation (an antecedent of the Freedom Rides) organized by the Congress of Racial Equality, the four men executed a plan to draw attention to racial segregation in the private sector. Enlisting the aid of Ralph Johns, a local white businessman who was sympathetic to their cause, the students, who came to be dubbed the Greensboro Four, planned their social action in great detail.

On the afternoon of February 1, 1960, the Greensboro Four entered a Woolworth's general merchandise store that had a dining area. The men bought small items and retained the receipt as proof of purchase, before sitting down at the store's lunch counter. While blacks were allowed to patronize the dining area, they were relegated to a standing snack bar, as the lunch counter was designated for "whites only." The Greensboro Four politely requested service at the counter, remaining seated while their orders were refused by the waitstaff. The lunch counter manager contacted the police, but Johns had already alerted the local media. The police arrived, only to declare that they could do nothing because the four men were paying customers of the store and had not taken any provocative actions. The media response, however, was immediate. A photo of the Greensboro Four appeared in local newspapers, and the protest quickly expanded.

The following day the Greensboro Four returned to the Woolworth's lunch counter, accompanied by some 20 other black university students. The scene played out again February 3-4, with protestors filling virtually all the available seats and spilling out of the store and onto the sidewalk outside. Within weeks, national media coverage of the protest led to sit-ins being staged in cities across the country. Soon dining facilities across the South were being integrated, and by July 1960 the lunch counter at the Greensboro Woolworth's was serving black patrons. The Greensboro sit-in provided a template for nonviolent resistance and marked an early success for the civil rights movement.

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Greensboro sit-in | History, Summary, Impact, & Facts

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Greensboro sit-in, act of nonviolent protest against a segregated lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, that began on February 1, 1960. Its success led to a wider sit-in movement, organized by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, that spread throughout the South.

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Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee 1960 (SNCC)  - Lorelei D.

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Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee 1960 (SNCC)  - Lorelei D.

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The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) started in April 1960 and lasted until May 1, 1971. It stemmed from student-led sit-ins at segregated lunch counters. SNCC involved young people dedicated to direct, nonviolent campaigns against segregation and other forms of racism. SNCC members participated in the Freedom Rides and other forms of peaceful protests. SNCC was important to the Civil Rights Movement because of their nonviolent forms of protesting, but also because activists started to realize that the new force of young people may have more power in the Civil Rights Movement.

EQ:

Black Americans fought against racism and for society to treat them with respect as human beings. Members of SNCC were able to achieve their goals by participating in Freedom Rides, the 1963 March on Washington, and the Mississippi Freedom Summer. Through these peaceful protests, activists were able to combat racism by pressuring the administration of John F. Kennedy to initiate a federal civil rights bill in Congress. However, despite this success, society did not treat Black Americans with respect as they were faced with continued discrimination and microaggressions.

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Civil disobedience is a public and nonviolent act contrary to the law, usually done to bring about a change in the law or policies of the government/occupying power.

Any consequences, such as being taken to jail, continue to set an example by submitting to punishment. The civil disobedient hopes to set a moral example that will provoke the majority or government into political, social, or economic change and seeks to obtain equal rights and freedom.

Examples of using this tactic are the Greensboro sit-ins, the Freedom Riders, MLK’s protests, the March on Washington, etc.

EQ:

Black Americans fought for fully equal rights and for the same rights as white people. They wanted to be able to have the same opportunities and access to the same resources. They used tactics such as protests, speeches, and organizations. The extent of which, by 1963 the group collaboration of multiple organizations who fight to end racism lead to the Civil Rights Act to be passed through organizing around 250,000 people to join.

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Black Nationalism is a movement that emphasizes the unity, self-determination, and empowerment of Black people as a response to racial discrimination and oppression. Black Nationalists believe in promoting Black pride, cultural identity, and economic independence within their communities. In the 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement gave rise to prominent Black Nationalist organizations like the Black Panther Party and the Nation of Islam, which fought against racial inequality and advocated for Black empowerment. Black leaders such as Malcolm X and Stokely Carmichael were as a whole, successful in advocating for social and political change. They fought for the civil rights of Black people which helped contributed to the overall push for equality during the Civil Rights Movement.

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From May 4, 1961, to December 10, 1961, Freedom riders rode interstate buses into the segregated US South. The members of the Freedom Rides were civil rights activists that challenged local laws and customs that enforced segregation in seating. Although it was a nonviolent movement, it provoked violent reactions including ones with guns, bats, and death threats. Freedom riders were important to the Civil Rights Movement because they were able to achieve victory through using direct, nonviolent action. Despite the malicious threats of opposers, they persevered to continue the peaceful protest and created momentum for equal rights and freedom.

EQ:

Black Americans fought for equal rights and against prejudice. To a certain extent, the activists achieved their goals because, in November 1961, the ICC ruled that segregation on interstate buses and facilities was illegal. Although the peaceful protest led to a legal change, the social scene did not improve. Black Americans were still discriminated against and had to continue fighting to be seen as socially equal.

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The Children’s March of 1963 - Emily H. 

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The Children’s March of 1963 - Emily H. 

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Taking place in 1963, the Children’s March, was a march by over 1,000 school students in Birmingham, Alabama with the purpose of walking downtown to talk to the mayor about segregation in their city. Although this event was non-violent, many racist police officers arrested and detained innocent children that were simply participating in the march. It was important to the civil rights movement because it showed the initiative that everybody (including even children) were starting to take, but it also amplified the need for justice due to the cruel actions towards Black Americans. The event was one that moved President John F. Kennedy's to express support and concern for Black Americans through federal civil rights legislations and the proposal of the Civil Rights Act.

EQ: What did Black Americans fight for during the Civil Rights Movement and to what extent did they achieve their goals?

Black Americans fought to end racial segregation and discrimination while also implementing equal rights. Black Americans specifically fought to end racial segregation in public areas like schools, restaurants, and restrooms. They acknowledge the strength that a community provides over a individuals and so Black people were very keen on getting everybody involved in fighting for what is right. Black Americans went to the risky extents to have everybody’s voice heard to advocate for Black rights and to eliminate segregation. This event is especially important, as it is the one of the protests that caught John F. Kennedy’s attention and emphasized the severity of ending segregation. However, Black Americans achieved their goals to a certain extent, because although racial segregation is slowly declining, discrimination and racism are still very prevalent in the world today

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Occured in 1963 september 15

The bombing killed 4 young  african american girls

It was caused by kkk members which is a white supremacist  group

It was a hate crime that shocked the nation and highlighted the racial struggle and equality

It was important because it was a painful reminder of racial violence and discrimination of African Americans during the civil rights movement. It stands as a symbol to fight for equality, justice, and ongoing need to combat racism in our society

EQ:During the Civil Rights Movement, black Americans fought for equal rights, an end to racial segregation, voting rights, and an end to systemic racism. They aimed to dismantle discriminatory laws and practices that oppressed African Americans.

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On August 28, 1963, a non-violent march in Washington D.C. for jobs and freedom occurred with a gathering of about 250,000 people. This march was at the National Mall and was held in support of the Civil Rights Act that was being attempted to pass through Congress.

The original idea of the march came from A. Philip Randolph, the founder of NACL, Around the 1940s, he proposed a large-scale march (twice) to protest segregation and discrimination in the U.S. military and the U.S. defense industry to pressure the White House to take action.

By the 1960s, Randolph had support from the leaders of NAACP, NUL, SCLC (MLK's), CORE, and SNCC.

Many of the leaders involved with organizing the march gave speeches, while one more famous speech, MLK's “I Have a Dream” was said, other leaders spoke of the need for justice, equal opportunity, and full access to the American Dream promised with the Declaration of Independence (reaffirmed with the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments).

People participating in the march were doing so because they insisted on a fair living wage, fair employment policies, and desegregation of school districts. By the end of the day the march was a success.

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John F. Kennedy's involvement in the Civil Rights Movement - Emily H. 

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John F. Kennedy's involvement in the Civil Rights Movement - Emily H. 

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In 1963 John F. Kennedy defined civil rights as not solely a constitutional issue, but also a “moral issue.” With a combination of this discovery and the constant protests for Black individuals, Kennedy finally proposed the Civil Rights Act of 1963. John F. Kennedy announced that major civil rights legislation would be submitted to the Congress to guarantee equal access to public facilities, to ultimately end segregation in education, as well as to provide federal protection of the right to vote. His Civil Rights initiatives would not only end segregation in public facilities, but they would also provide protection of every American's right to vote under the United States Constitution. Although he died before putting his plan into action, John F. Kennedy was very important in the Civil Rights Movement as he was one of the first political authorities to take action in supporting the Civil Rights Movement.

EQ: What did Black Americans fight for during the Civil Rights Movement and to what extent did they achieve their goals?
Black Americans took many initiatives to fight for racially equal rights during the Civil Rights movement. They went to the distances of protesting, speaking their mind, and coming together to coordinate committees and tight groups. Black Americans achieved their goals to a certain extent, because although their hard work was eventually recognized and listened to by people with political power, some of the issues that they wanted to overcome, like ending racial discrimination and racial pay gaps, still have a ways to go.

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- Freedom Summer was a voter registration campaign in Mississippi during the summer of 1964.

- It aimed to increase African American voter registration and challenge segregation.

- Thousands of college students, mostly white, went to Mississippi to support the cause.

- They faced violence, intimidation, and arrests from white supremacists and law enforcement.

- The event brought national attention to the violence and discrimination faced by African Americans.

- It helped push for the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

EQ: The Freedom Summer of 1964 played a crucial role in advancing these goals. While progress was made, the fight for equality is ongoing. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were significant achievements, but systemic racism and inequality persist, highlighting the need for continued advocacy and work towards achieving true equality for all.

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The Civil Rights Act of (1964) - leila b

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The Civil Rights Act of (1964) - leila b

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed into law on July 2, 1964, by President Lyndon B. Johnson. It outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

This act was a major milestone in the civil rights movement, as it prohibited discrimination in employment, education, and public accommodations. It also established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to investigate claims of discrimination.

The act was important because it helped to end segregation and discrimination in many areas of American life, and it paved the way for further civil rights advances.

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The Voting Rights Act of (1965) - leila b

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The Voting Rights Act of (1965) - leila b

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The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was signed into law on August 6, 1965, by President Lyndon B. Johnson.

It prohibited states from imposing voting qualifications or prerequisites that would deny or abridge the right to vote on account of race or color. It also authorized the federal government to withhold funding from non-compliant states and to send federal examiners to register voters.

This act was important because it protected the right to vote for African Americans in the South, who had been largely disenfranchised since the Reconstruction era. It also led to a significant increase in African American voter registration and participation in politics.

EQ: What did Black Americans fight for during the Civil Rights Movement and to what extent did they achieve their goals?

During the Civil Rights Movement, Black Americans fought for an end to segregation and discrimination in all areas of life, including education, employment, housing, transportation, and voting. They sought to achieve equal rights and opportunities, and to dismantle the Jim Crow laws that had enforced racial segregation and discrimination for decades.

Through nonviolent protests, boycotts, marches, and civil disobedience, Black Americans achieved significant victories, including:

1. Passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965

2. Increased access to education and employment opportunities

3. Shift in public opinion and cultural attitudes towards racial equality

However, the movement did not achieve all of its goals, and many challenges persist today. Ongoing issues include:

1. Racial disparities in wealth, income, education, and health

2. Police brutality and racial profiling

3. Persistent discrimination in housing, employment, and criminal justice

The Civil Rights Movement was a crucial step towards racial equality, but there is still much work to be done to achieve true justice and equity for Black Americans.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1968 expanded on previous acts and prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, sex, (and as amended) handicap and family status. Title VIII of the Act is also known as the Fair Housing Act (of 1968). Unlike the 1964 the Civil Rights Act of 1968, popularly known as the Fair Housing Act, prohibits discrimination concerning the sale, rental, or financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, and sex. Black Americans fought through the Civil Rights Act of 1964 hastened the end of legal Jim Crow. It secured African Americans equal access to restaurants, transportation, and other public facilities. It enabled blacks, women, and other minorities to break down barriers in the workplace. And by 1968 It aimed to give African Americans the same citizenship rights that white people took for granted. It was a war waged on many fronts. It allowed Equal access to dining establishments, public transit, and other amenities were ensured for African Americans. It made it possible for women, Black people and other minorities to overcome obstacles at work. The war was fought on numerous fronts. It won significant legal and legislative battles against discrimination in voting and public accommodations.

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Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. (1968)  - Ava F. 

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Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. (1968)  - Ava F. 

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On April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. was shot and killed while standing on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Tennessee. He was shot in Tennessee where he traveled in support of the sanitation workers' strike. Martin Luther King Jr.'s death impacted many and caused an uproar. Martin Luther King Jr.'s death was extremely upsetting which is what contributed to its importance in the civil rights movement. As a key leader in the movement for equality, his death caused over 100 American cities to riot and violently protest his horrific death. Luckily, the man who assassinated Martin Luther King Jr. was caught and sentenced to 99 years in prison.

Essential Question Answer:

Black Americans fought for equality and the end of discriminatory laws and overall exclusion. They fought laws like Jim Crow in the South that segregated spaces like bathrooms, schools, and water fountains. The civil rights movement was a great success which is shown through Acts like the "Voting Rights Act of 1965" and "Civil Rights Act of 1968". Martin Luther King directly effected the Civil rights acts during his lifetime and his death greatly affected Americans and highlighted to the world why exactly they had to fight for equality.

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De Jure vs. De Facto Segregation - Sam Koules

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De Jure vs. De Facto Segregation - Sam Koules

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De jure segregation is defined as segregation that is mandated by law or official government policy. During the Jim Crow era, when racial segregation was explicitly required by law, especially in public spaces like schools and transit, segregation of this kind was common in the United States.
De facto segregation is segregation that results from external factors like economic inequality, prejudices, cultural norms, and personal preferences rather than from overt government laws or regulations. This kind of segregation frequently results from residential segregation patterns, in which particular racial or ethnic groups concentrate in particular neighborhoods as a result of past prejudice, financial constraints, or cultural preferences.

Although civil rights legislation for example Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 successfully ended de jure segregation, de facto segregation still exists in many places as a result of persistent socioeconomic disparities and systemic prejudices.

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The Black Panther Party (1966)- Sophia Lu

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The Black Panther Party (1966)- Sophia Lu

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The Black Panther Party was founded on October 1966 in Oakland, California by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale, who met at Merritt College in Oakland. This party was created in response to police brutality specifically an assassination of Black nationalist Malcom X and after police in San Francisco shot and killed an unarmed Black teen named Matthew Johnson. This party also fought for Black nationalism, armed self-defense, creating schools, providing food and opening free clinics. The Black Panthers begun to expand and soon had members from major cities, including Los Angeles, Chicago, New York and Philadelphia. By 1968, the Black Panthers had roughly 2,000 members across the country. This party ended in around 1982 due to the FBI efforts to shutdown the group as well as disputes and deadly shootouts between Panthers and the Police in the area. This group was successful to some extent. They were able to help Black people of the time gain access to free health care, they hosted many food drives and they created 7 schools for underserved Black kids that still exist today. While they were successful with these goals, I believe that the pressing issues they fought for still exist today as police brutality, unfair treatment and lack of education Black people still struggle with in todays world. The Black Panthers made a huge impact during the Civil war as they were able to challenge the people in power (police and politicians) and were able to fight for racial equality against discrimination by advocating for social change.

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FBI’s Investigation of the Black Panther Party 1969 Sophia C

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FBI’s Investigation of the Black Panther Party 1969 Sophia C

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The black panther party was created for self-defense purposes and fought for black nationalism. However, the FBI perceived the Black Panther Party as an enemy and threat, and the government's goal was to disassemble the movement as they viewed their success and what would come in the future. The FBI did everything in its power to dismantle the Black Panther Party such as spreading rumors within the group causing violence and even murder

EQ: What did Black Americans fight for during the Civil Rights Movement and to what extent did they achieve their goals?

Black Americans fought to end segregation and exclusions but overall were seeking equality putting an end to discrimination. The FBI investigation on the Black Panther Party is an example of why the civil rights movement somewhat worked because the government led by predominantly white people had ultimately put a stop to something that helped Black Americans; doing so gave Black Americans a limited opportunity to thrive at the time.

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The Black Power movement began during the 1960s and 1970s and focused on cultivating racial pride, economic empowerment, creation of cultural and political institutions for black communities. The phrase is thought to have been coined by Richard Wright, who wrote a novel titled "Black Power" in 1954. It was first utilized in 1966 during the Meredith March Against Fear that headed from Tennessee to Mississippi. The SNCC introduced it as a chant thanks the the chairman, Stokely Carmichael. Many white people held negative views of black power and what it stood for because they associated the phrase with the Black Panther Party, who were being vilified in the media due to defending their communities with arms.

Through the Black Power Movement, black Americans fought for their rights by focusing on self reliance and self determination as black people in America. Many goals that were held within the black power movement have been achieved and the movement helped to uplift and inspire many African Americans, however many problems that inspired the necessity for the black power movement are still prevalent in todays society.

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The National Advisory Commission On Civil Disorders, also known as "The Kerner Commission". Following an incredible surge of riots erupting in 1967, the president at the time, Lyndon B Johnson, created a commission led by Otto Kerner Jr to get to the bottom of things. After considerable investigation, a document was released that was known as the Kerner Report that focused on race relations in the united states and exposed some unpleasant truths regarding social, political, and economic racism. Following the release of the document, there were some actions taken to improve the inequality but conditions for African Americans had changed very little, and in some cases worsened. A number of people in the white population rejected the ideas raised in the report(later published into a novel), and following the election of President Nixon into office in 1968, black power movements were retaliated against.

The Kerner report provided a much needed yet widely ignored exposition of the conditions in which black Americans were forced to live and assisted in expressing the need for change that the civil rights movement fought for. The Kerner report's purpose of strengthening understanding of the need for social and political change was not a success in the end ignited backlash from white Americans and worse conditions in America for black people.

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Black Pride emphasized racial pride encouraging black people to honor their cultures as well as embrace heritage.

The Black pride movement is especially important to the civil rights movement because it was a reply to the racism black people were experiencing. Additionally, Black pride focuses on self-resilience which aligns with the success of the civil rights movement.

EQ: What did Black Americans fight for during the Civil Rights Movement and to what extent did they achieve their goals?

Black Americans fought for equal rights and treatment which has been reached to a certain extent. The treatment that Black Americans have received has definitely improved ending segregation and still in the works of limiting or ending the discrimination today. Movements such as The Black Pride Movement empowered Black Americans and helped them towards the end of segregation and exclusion

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Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) - Briley France

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Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) - Briley France

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The background of the Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education goes back to the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954, which declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. However, despite this ruling, many school districts, including Charlotte-Mecklenburg, continued to have segregated schools due to various factors such as housing patterns and discriminatory policies.

Black students, parents, and activists (Swann) argued to the Supreme Court that the school district's policies perpetuated segregation and violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. They determined whether the district had an obligation to actively integrate schools, including through busing students to achieve racial equality.

(Fourteenth Amendment: No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.)

In the end, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Swann, and concluded that the segregation was unconstitutional. Additionally, the federal district judge, Judge McMillan, of this case oversaw the implementation of a busing strategy that integrated the district’s schools. This strategy involved transporting students to schools outside of their immediate neighborhoods to ensure a more balanced racial composition across schools within the district. Judge McMillan's decision to implement the busing strategy was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which upheld his ruling, and eventually the use of busing as a method to integrate schools was deemed constitutional and legally permissible.

The busing strategy implemented in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg district served as a model for other school districts across the United States. It played a significant role in promoting racial integration in public schools around that time. However, in the later decades, busing plans faced criticism from both white and African American communities, with concerns about long commutes and disruptions to students' education.

Black Americans fought for the desegregation of public schools in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg school district. They advocated for an end to the discriminatory policies that relegated African American students to inferior educational facilities and denied them equal educational opportunities. The Supreme Court's decision affirmed the unconstitutionality of racially segregated schools and pushed measures such as busing to achieve integration and equality.

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Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education

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Ronald Reagan’s Policies on Civil Rights

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Ronald Reagan’s Policies on Civil Rights

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Reagan brushed off every racism-related criticism of him as an assault on his morality and character. Reagan was against separating races. Reagan fought numerous federal civil rights laws throughout the years.Reagan signed the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, which made significant changes to U.S. immigration law and awarded three million illegal immigrants amnesty, as well as the Tax Reform Act of 1986, which simplified the tax code by lowering rates and eliminating various tax advantages. This has a bearing on "Reagonomics," which would Ronald Reagan's recipe for a successful economic recovery included lowering federal income taxes, cutting the size of the US government's spending budget, eliminating programs, reducing the number of government employees, keeping interest rates low, and closely monitoring inflation on the money supply, and a successful economic turnaround. However Reagonomics ended up being completely brutal and only favored to wealthier class white people. Opponents cite the growing income disparity, a culture of greed they claim exists, a decline in economic mobility, and the fact that the national debt tripled in eight years, reversing a trend that had seen the debt decline as a share of GDP after World War II. The biggest problem with Reaganomics was that Ronald Reagan failed to implement it. President Reagan advocated free markets, calling for tax cuts, government spending cuts, and deregulation. The tax cuts he managed to give us were offset by increases in other taxes, due to that people of lower income in lower class families had it much harder.

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California vs. Bakke Protest advocating for affirmative action

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California vs. Bakke (1977) - Briley France

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California vs. Bakke (1977) - Briley France

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When Allan Bakke, a white student, had applied for admission to the University of California Medical School at Davis, he was rejected twice. At the time, the school reserved spaces for entering students from minority groups as a part of the university's affirmative action program, which put an effort to stop minority exclusion from receiving education. Bakke's application data, including his GPA and test scores, had exceeded all of the students who came in from affirmative action from both years he applied. This led Bakke to conclude that he had been rejected from the university because of race.

In 1977, Bakke's suit was upheld in the California Supreme Court then in the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1978, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the usage of affirmative action and the school’s mission of diversity and inclusion of minorities was constitutional. However, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Bakke, allowing him to be admitted to the university’s medical school. He ended up graduating in 1982. Additionally, the court decided to keep affirmative action.

Although this event took place after the Civil Rights movement, both Black Americans and some of their white peers helped to advocate for affirmative action. One protest, consisted of 1600 students (mostly Black), marched two miles from the White House to the U.S. Capital in protest of Bakke's "reverse discrimination" case. Many Black students found the courage to talk about their experience with affirmative action and how it has made the admissions process more equal on their part. A student, Diane Waller, said, "If Bakke wins, all the gains of the civil rights movement of the 1960s would be lost. It would be twice as hard for me to get into a school to study medicine."

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National Rainbow Coalition (2002-2005)- Julia A.

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National Rainbow Coalition (2002-2005)- Julia A.

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The National Rainbow Coalition was a political party in Kenya that was established in 2002. In 2002, the National Alliance Party of Kenya (NAPK) allied itself with the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) to form the National Alliance of Rainbow Coalition (NARC). They beat out Kenya African National Union (KANU) who had ruled for nearly 40 years, since 1963 when Kenya gained independence from British colonial rule. The coalition fought against poverty, corruption, racism, police brutality, substandard housing. The participating groups supported each other at protests, strikes, and demonstrations where they had a common cause

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